Test Bank Social Research Methods 1st Edition by Alan Bryman

Test Bank Social Research Methods 1st Edition by Alan Bryman

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Test Bank Social Research Methods 1st Edition by Alan Bryman

This is a comprehensive text for the research methods course taught out of sociology or other social science disciplines. It covers a wide range of methods and approaches to study design, data collection, and analysis.

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0190853662
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0190853662

Alan Bryman (Author), Edward Bell (Author), Jennifer Reck (Author), Jessica Fields (Author)

Table Of Contents
Cover Page
Title page
Copyright page
Guide to the Book
Who Would Benefit from Reading This Book?
Features of the Text
Approach to Language and Terminology
Structure of the Book
Teaching and Learning Support
Oxford Learning Link
Digital Learning Tools
Format Choices
Acknowledgments
List of Reviewers
Part I Principles of Research
1 What Is Social Research?
Introduction: Reasons to Study Research Methods
Knowledge Creation
Methodology
Types of Understanding—and Research
Epistemology and Ontology
Ways of Knowing
Theory Building and Testing
Deductive versus Inductive Reasoning
Middle-Range Theories and Grand Theories
Qualitative and Quantitative Inquiry
Formulating Questions
Perceptions, Values, and Practicalities
The Objective Ideal
The Reflexive Ideal
Disinterest and Methodological Decisions
Political Positions and Conditions
Practical Considerations
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
2 What Principles and Standards Guide Research?
Introduction: The Importance of Research Ethics
The History of Research Ethics
Institutional Oversight and Research Ethics
Key Ethical Principles in Research
Informed Consent and Voluntary Participation
Deception and the Milgram Experiments
Questions Surrounding Informed Consent
Confidentiality and Anonymity
Covert Research Controversies
Protecting Participants from Harm
Determining Harm
Balancing Harms and Benefits
Ethics as a Question of Power and Social Justice
Considering Ethics in Research
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
Part II Concepts and Cases
3 How Do Researchers Identify and Evaluate Social Concepts?
Introduction: The Task of Measurement
Identifying and Measuring Concepts
Why Measure?
What Is a Concept?
Conceptualization and Operationalization
Conceptualization
Conceptualization Using Theory and Research
Operationalization
Measurement in Quantitative Research
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Measurement
Ordinal Measurement
Interval and Ratio Measurement
Reliability and Validity
Reliability
Stability over Time
Internal Reliability
Inter-Observer Consistency
Validity
Face Validity
Concurrent Validity
Construct Validity
Convergent Validity
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
4 How Do Researchers Select the People, Places, and Things to Study?
Introduction: How Researchers Rely on Sampling
Sampling in the Research Process
Generalizability and Representativeness
Probability Sampling
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Quota Sampling
Sampling Error
Response Bias and Sampling Error
Reducing Response Bias and Sampling Error
Sample Size and Sampling Error
Considerations during the Sampling Process
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
General Introductions to Sampling
Selecting a Simple Random, Stratified, and Cluster Sample
List of Key Terms
Part III Modes and Practices of Inquiry
5 How Can Researchers Understand Meaning, Process, and Experience in the Social World?
Introduction: How Qualitative Research Favors Depth over Breadth
The Emergence of Qualitative Approaches
Defining Qualitative Research
The Main Goals of Qualitative Researchers
Seeing through the Eyes of the People Being Studied
Providing Rich Description of the Context
Exploring Social Processes
Employing an Open-Ended, Flexible Approach
The Main Steps in Qualitative Research
The Distinct Perspective of Qualitative Research
The Question of Objectivity
The Demand for Generalizability
The Goal of Replicability
Considering Qualitative Approaches
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
6 How Can Researchers Enumerate and Examine Broad Patterns to Social Life?
Introduction: How Quantitative Research Examines Broad Trends and Patterns
The Emergence of Quantitative Approaches
The Main Goals of Quantitative Researchers
Testing Hypotheses to Establish Causality
Precise Measurement and Reducing Errors
Generalization
The Main Steps in Quantitative Research
The Distinct Perspective of Quantitative Research
Systematic Study and the Question of Objectivity
Precise and Accurate Measurement
Multidimensional Interpretations of Everyday Life
Some Contrasts between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
7 Where Do Principles and Practice Meet in Research?
Introduction: Choosing a Study Design for Your Research
Experimental Design
Manipulation
Quasi-Experiments
Collecting Data at Different Points in Time: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Design
Cross-Sectional Design
Longitudinal Design
Case Study Design
Modes of Inquiry and Study Design
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
Part IV Gathering Information
8 How Do Researchers Study Patterns that Span Populations and Categories of Experience?
Introduction: Why Surveys Are Efficient
Different Kinds of Surveys
Questionnaires
Structured Interviews
Online Opportunities
Anticipating Response Errors
Writing Survey Questions
Choosing Closed-Ended or Open-Ended Questions
Closed-Ended Questions
Open-Ended Questions
Linking Questions and Overall Aims
Keep the Research Objective in Mind
Make Sure Each Question Elicits a Specific and Useful Bit of Information
Are Questions and Response Categories Clear and Precise?
Avoid Overly General Questions
Avoid Ambiguous Terms
Minimize Technical Terms
Spell Out Abbreviations and Acronyms
Avoid Questions that Include Negatives
Straightforward Question Structures
Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Avoid Leading Questions
Ensure Symmetry between a Closed-Ended Question and Its Answers
Ensure That the Answers Provided for a Closed-Ended Question Are Balanced
Are Participants Prepared to Answer Your Questions?
Requisite Knowledge
Memory Problems
Question Order
Questionnaire Design
Vertical and Horizontal Fixed Answers
Clear Instructions for Responding
Questions and Answers Bundled Together
Conducting Structured Interviews
Know the Interview Schedule
Introduce the Research
Stick to the Interview Schedule
Record Answers
Probe
Prompts
Telephone Interviews
Pilot Studies and Pre-Testing Questions
Key Points
Questions for Review and Flashcards
Portfolio Exercise
Interactive Activities
Online Resources
List of Key Terms
9 How Do Researchers Learn about People’s Perspectives and Lives?
Introduction: Why the Interview Is the Most Widely Used Qualitative Research Method
Types of Qualitative Interviews: Unstructured and Semi-structured
Preparing for a Qualitative Interview
Determining Interview Goals and Topics
Writing an Interview Guide
Addressing Practical Concerns
Conducting Qualitative Interviews
Building a Relationship with the Interviewee
Asking Good Questions and Following Up Effectively
Making Notes on the Interview
Recording and Transcribing Interviews
Focus Groups
Conducting Focus Groups
Number of Groups
Size and Makeup of Groups
Asking Questions and Level of Moderator Involvement
Group Interaction in Focus Group Sessions
Reco