Test Bank Psychological Testing A Practical Introduction 4th Edition by Thomas P. Hogan
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Test Bank Psychological Testing A Practical Introduction 4th Edition by Thomas P. Hogan
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Test Bank Psychological Testing A Practical Introduction 4th Edition by Thomas P. Hogan
Psychological Testing: A Practical Introduction 4e offers students of psychology and allied disciplines a comprehensive survey of psychometric principles and tests in the major categories of applied assessment
ISBN: 978-1-119-50693-5
Thomas P. Hogan
Table of Contents
Preface iii
Part 1
1 The World of Psychological Testing, 3
Introduction, 3
Major Categories of Tests, 4
Some Additional Ways to Categorize Tests, 6
Uses and Users of Tests, 8
Major Issues: Assumptions and Questions, 10
Basic Assumptions, 10
Fundamental Questions, 12
The Differential Perspective, 13
The Historical Perspective, 13
Remote Background: Up to 1840, 14
Setting the Stage: 1840–1880, 15
The Roots: 1880–1915, 17
The Flowering: 1915–1940, 19
Consolidation: 1940–1965, 21
Just Yesterday: 1965–2000, 22
And Now: 2000–Present, 23
Major Forces, 24
The Scientific Impulse, 24
Concern for the Individual, 24
Practical Applications, 25
Statistical Methodology, 25
The Rise of Clinical Psychology, 25
Computers, 25
By Way of Definition, 28
Summary, 29
Key Terms, 30
Exercises, 30
2 Sources of Information About Tests, 32
Two Common Problems Requiring Information About Tests, 32
A Test’s Introductory Kit, 33
Comprehensive Lists of Tests, 34
Test Collection at ETS, 34
PsycTESTS, 35
Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HaPI), 35
Tests in Print, 36
Systematic Reviews, 37
Buros Reviews Available Electronically, 37
Some Other Sources of Reviews, 38
Special-Purpose Collections, 38
Books About Single Tests, 39
Textbooks on Testing, 40
Journals, 40
Publishers’ Catalogs and Personnel, 42
Other Users, 42
Strengths and Shortcomings of the Sources, 43
Summary, 44
Key Terms, 44
Exercises, 44
3 Test Norms, 47
Purpose of Norms, 47
Review of Statistics: Part 1, 48
Variables, 48
Types of Scales, 49
Organization of Raw Data, 50
Central Tendency, 51
Variability, 52
z-Scores, 53
Shapes of Distributions, 54
The Raw Score, 55
The Special Case of Theta (θ), 56
Types of Norms, 57
Percentile Ranks and Percentiles, 59
Standard Scores, 63
Developmental Norms, 69
Examples of Norm Tables, 72
Interpretive Reports and Norms, 72
Innovative Ways to Interpret Test Performance, 74
What to Read?, 74
Ready or Not?, 75
Depressed or Not?, 75
What Job for You?, 75
Conclusion, 75
Norm Groups, 76
National Norms, 76
International Norms, 76
Convenience Norm Groups, 76
User Norms, 77
Subgroup Norms, 77
Local Norms, 77
Institutional Norms, 78
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation, 79
The Standardization Group: Determining Its Usefulness, 80
Summary, 83
Key Terms, 84
Exercises, 84
4 Reliability, 86
Introduction, 86
Four Important Distinctions, 87
Review of Statistics: Part 2—Correlation and Prediction, 88
Bivariate Distribution and Correlation Coefficients, 88
Regression Line, 90
Factors Affecting Correlation Coefficients, 92
Major Sources of Unreliability, 96
Test Scoring, 96
Test Content, 98
Test Administration Conditions, 98
Personal Conditions, 99
Conceptual Framework: True Score Theory, 99
Methods of Determining Reliability, 101
Test–Retest Reliability, 101
Inter-Scorer Reliability, 102
Alternate Form Reliability, 103
Internal Consistency Reliability, 104
Split-Half Reliability, 104
Kuder–Richardson Formulas, 105
Coefficient Alpha, 106
Three Important Conclusions, 108
The Standard Error of Measurement, 108
Confidence Bands, 109
Appropriate Units for SEM, 109
Standard Errors: Three Types, 110
Some Special Issues in Reliability, 111
Reliability in Item Response Theory, 113
Generalizability Theory, 114
Factors Affecting Reliability Coefficients, 115
How High Should Reliability Be?, 115
Summary, 116
Key Terms, 117
Exercises, 117
5 Validity, 119
Introduction, 119
Refining the Definition of Validity, 120
Construct Underrepresentation and Construct-Irrelevant Variance, 121
The Basic Issue, 122
The Traditional and Newer Classifications of Types of Validity Evidence, 123
The Issue of Face Validity, 124
Content Validity, 124
Application to Achievement Tests, 124
Instructional Validity, 126
Application to Employment Tests, 127
Content Validity in Other Areas, 128
Problems with Content Validity, 128
Criterion-Related Validity, 129
External, Realistic Criterion, 130
Contrasted Groups, 132
Correlations with Other Tests, 133
Special Considerations for Interpreting Criterion-Related Validity, 134
The Reliability–Validity Relationship, 135
Combining Information from Different Tests, 138
Decision Theory: Basic Concepts and Terms, 141
Hits, False Positives, and False Negatives, 142
Base Rate, 143
Sensitivity and Specificity, 144
Construct Validity, 145
Internal Structure, 146
Factor Analysis, 146
Response Processes, 148
Effect of Experimental Variables, 148
Developmental Changes, 149
Consequential Validity, 149
Test Bias as Part of Validity, 150
The Practical Concerns, 151
Integrating the Evidence, 151
In the Final Analysis: A Relative Standard, 152
Summary, 152
Key Terms, 153
Exercises, 153
6 Test Development and Item Analysis, 155
Introduction, 155
Defining the Test’s Purpose, 156
Preliminary Design Issues, 157
Origin of New Tests, 158
Item Preparation, 159
Types of Test Items, 160
Selected-Response Items, 160
Scoring Selected-Response Items, 162
Constructed-Response Items, 162
Scoring Constructed-Response Items, 163
The Pros and Cons of Selected-Response versus Constructed-Response Items, 166
Suggestions for Writing Selected-Response Items, 167
Suggestions for Writing Constructed-Response Items, 167
Some Practical Considerations in Writing Items, 168
Technology-based Innovations in Item Structure, 169
Item Analysis, 169
Item Tryout, 170
Item Statistics, 170
Item Difficulty, 171
Item Discrimination, 171
Examples of Item Statistics, 172
Item Statistics in Item Response Theory, 174
Factor Analysis as an Item Analysis Technique, 177
Item Selection, 178
Computer-Adaptive Testing, 181
Standardization and Ancillary Research Programs, 183
Preparation of Final Materials and Publication, 184
Summary, 185
Key Terms, 185
Exercises, 185
7 Fairness and Bias, 187
Fairness: Gaining Perspective, 187
Methods of Studying Test Fairness, 190
Panel Review, 191
Differential Item Functioning, 192
Differential Prediction, 194
Measurement Invariance, 196
Accommodations and Modifications, 197
Research on Accommodations, 198
Some Tentative Conclusions about Test Fairness, 199
Summary, 200
Key Terms, 201
Exercises, 201
Part 2
8 Cognitive Abilities: Individual Tests, 205
Some Cases, 205
Introduction to Cognitive Ability Tests, 206
Some Terminology, 206
Real-World Correlates of Cognitive Abilities, 207
Structure of Cognitive Abilities, 208
Uses and Characteristics of Individual Cognitive Ability Tests, 211
Typical Items in an Individual Intelligence Test, 213
The Wechsler Scales: An Overview, 215
Historical Introduction, 215
Weschsler’s Concept of Intelligence, 216
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition, 216
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition, 223
WISC versus WAIS, 223
Psychometric Characteristics of WISC-V, 224
The Stanford-Binet, 225
Transition to New Structure: SB4 and SB5, 225
Psychometric Characteristics of SB5, 226
Brief Individually Administered Tests of Mental Ability, 227
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 227
Two Other Entries, 231
A Test of a Specific Cognitive Ability: The Wechsler Memory Scale, 231
Intellectual Disability, 235
Changing Terminology, 236
The Concept of Adaptive Behavior, 236
Definition of Intellectual Disability, 237
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 238
Other Applications