Chapter 1--The Ancestors of the West
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Define the following key terms.

 Western civilizations 

 

 
 
2. Define the following key terms.

 hominids 

 

 
 
3. Define the following key terms.

 Homo sapiens sapiens 

 

 
 
4. Define the following key terms.

 Upper Paleolithic 

 

 
 
5. Define the following key terms.

 hunter-gatherers 

 

 
 
6. Define the following key terms.

 patriarchy 

 

 
 
7. Define the following key terms.

 matriarchy 

 

 
 
8. Define the following key terms.

 Neolithic Revolution 

 

 
 
9. Define the following key terms.

 Europe 

 

 
 
10. Define the following key terms.

 Mesopotamia 

 

 
 
11. Define the following key terms.

 cuneiform 

 

 
 
12. Define the following key terms.

 Sumerians 

 

 
 
13. Define the following key terms.

 Epic of Gilgamesh 

 

 
 
14. Define the following key terms.

 Upper Egypt 

 

 
 
15. Define the following key terms.

 Lower Egypt 

 

 
 
16. Define the following key terms.

 pharaoh 

 

 
 
17. Define the following key terms.

 city-states 

 

 
 
18. Define the following key terms.

 syncretism 

 

 
 
19. Define the following key terms.

 papyrus 

 

 
 
20. Define the following key terms.

 Iceman 

 

 
 
21. Define the following key terms.

 Hittites 

 

 
 
22. Define the following key terms.

 Hammurabi's Code 

 

 
 
23. Define the following key terms.

 Amarna reform 

 

 
 
24. Define the following key terms.

 Domestication 

 

 
 
25. Define the following key terms.

 Jericho 

 

 
 
26. Define the following key terms.

 Fertile Crescent 

 

 
 
27. Define the following key terms.

 Copper Age 

 

 
 
28. Define the following key terms.

 Civitas 

 

 
 
29. Define the following key terms.

 Hieroglyphics 

 

 
 
30. Define the following key terms.

 Sargon 

 

 
 
31. Define the following key terms.

 Divine Kingship 

 

 
 
32. Define the following key terms.

 Pyramids 

 

 
 
33. Define the following key terms.

 Syncretism 

 

 
 
34. Define the following key terms.

 Hatshepsut 

 

 
 
35. Define the following key terms.

 International system 

 

 
 
36. Define the following key terms.

 Neandertals 

 

 
 
37. Define the following key terms.

 Chauvet Cave 

 

 
 
38. Define the following key terms.

 Stonehenge 

 

 
 
39. Define the following key terms.

 Paleolithic 

 

 
 
40. Define the following key terms.

 Çatal Huyuk 

 

 
 
41. How would you go about formulating a definition of civilization? What elements are essential to civilized life and what sort of things would you consider desirable but not essential for your definition? Can warlike peoples be considered civilized? Give historical examples to illustrate your point. 

 

 
 
42. Look at paintings from the Chauvet or Lascaux caves in books or on the Internet. What do they represent? What do they indicate about Stone Age people? 

 

 
 
43. Compare the type of writing used by the early Mesopotamians and Egyptians. In what way was the development of writing influential to the development of their cultures? Discuss how the development of a written language further informs our understanding of these civilizations today. 

 

 
 
44. Discus the role of queens in Egyptian rule. How did their reigns differ from their male counterparts? Give specific examples to illustrate your point. 

 

 
 
45. How did the course of ancient Egyptian history differ from that of Mesopotamia? How did this difference affect the mentality of the two civilizations? What role did geography play in the history of each area? 

 

 
 
46. Discuss the religious ideas and practices of the peoples featured in Chapter 1, particularly the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians. How did their beliefs affect their culture? Could any of the early civilizations be described as atheistic? 

 

 
 
47. What features were common to all the political structures of the civilizations surveyed in the chapter? Give examples of the major similarities, and point out two or three of the main differences found among the various regimes. Are any of the points you mentioned still characteristic of political life today? 

 

 
 
48. In which of the earliest civilizations discussed in the chapter would you have preferred to live, and why? 

 

 
 
49. Upon finding the remains of the Iceman, what physical and material remains gave scientists clues to his personal life as well as the environment that he lived in? 

 

 
 
50. Discuss some of the chief differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Discuss how the advancements that were made helped to further humanity in its development of Civilization. 

 

 
 
51. The term prehistory refers to 
A. time periods before 1900.
B. the period before the invention of writing.
C. the earliest civilizations.
D. only the civilization of Mesopotamia.
E. the era prior to homo erectus.
 
52. Modern science indicates that the first human beings 
A. appeared in Africa.
B. lived millions of years ago.
C. developed stone tools.
D. developed a complex language.
E. All of these
 
53. Which of the following statements about Neandertals is true? 
A. They lived primarily in Northern Africa and the Middle East.
B. They were unable to adapt to the steamy forestlands of Africa
C. They were sensitive to loss, especially death.
D. They were not considered to belong to a human group.
E. They were not tool makers.
 
54. The remains of the Iceman discovered in Northern Italy left clues as to his 
A. diet.
B. climate and or time of year he died.
C. probable occupation.
D. early humans technological advancements in tools.
E. all of these.
 
55. The revolution in human culture between 70,000 and 10,000 B.C. included all of the following except 
A. improved manipulation of the environment through technology and/or organization.
B. cave paintings and notations on bones.
C. a dramatic increase in information being communicated.
D. carefully worked bone tools.
E. the establishment of cities.
 
56. Symbols of the Neolithic Revolution include all except 
A. an information revolution.
B. bone and cave painting.
C. the dawn of written languages.
D. the change from hunter-gatherer to farming life.
E. development of technology and organization.
 
57. The primary geographical feature early civilizations developed near was 
A. Deserts
B. Rivers
C. Montians
D. Sea coasts
E. All of these
 
58. Early Paleolithic cave art often depicted 
A. Early forms of writing.
B. Map making.
C. Animals.
D. Farming.
E. All of these.
 
59. The earliest civilizations developed about 
A. 3,500,000 B.C.
B. 50,000 B.C.
C. 3500-3000 B.C.
D. 1000 B.C.
E. 70,000 B.C.
 
60. The new civilized states were characterized by 
A. hunting and farming.
B. complex urban organization.
C. the use of stone implements.
D. oral recordkeeping but no writing.
E. dynasties based on matriarchal descent.
 
61. Which of the following are characteristics of the emergence of human civilization? 
A. A large and specialized labor force
B. Complex political systems
C. Clear class stratification
D. Development of city-states
E. All of these
 
62. All of the following accurately refer to cuneiform except it 
A. was initially developed for economic purposes.
B. consisted of wedge-shaped impressions on clay.
C. was developed in Mesopotamia.
D. inspired Egyptian writing.
E. developed into an abstract collection of symbols.
 
63. Sumerian cities were all of the following except 
A. interconnected webs of culture, commerce, and competition.
B. economically and politically organized.
C. culturally creative.
D. characterized by large temples to their gods called Ziggurats.
E. peaceful and sparsely populated.
 
64. Sargon was all of the following except 
A. an Akkadian-speaking conqueror of the Sumerians.
B. the reforming king of Lagash who sought to "protect the mother that is in distress."
C. the father of the first known woman poet.
D. Conqueror of Mesopotamia.
E. Commander of history's first professional army.
 
65. Hammurabi's Code provided for each of the following except 
A. ownership of property by women.
B. the principle of an eye for an eye.
C. justice dependent on a person's social class.
D. the elimination of mutilation, drowning, and impaling.
E. a detailed portrait of Mesopotamian society.
 
66. One of the strengths of Akkadian culture was 
A. Peacefulness
B. Ability to assimilate other cultures
C. Learning
D. Strong priestly caste
E. Agriculture
 
67. The chief god of the Sumerians was 
A. Enlil
B. Enki
C. Ishtar
D. Osiris
E. Isis
 
68. The Mesopotamian religion is characterized by 
A. the belief in one god.
B. anthropomorphic gods who inspire awe and fear.
C. a covenant between the gods and people.
D. a belief in an afterlife as a reward or punishment.
E. goddesses who sit in assemblies.
 
69. The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches all of the following except 
A. the need for a tyrannical government.
B. the value of deep friendships.
C. a philosophy of fatalism.
D. a "biblical" Flood.
E. the inevitability of death.
 
70. The Mesopotamians developed all except 
A. two systems of numbers: decimal and sexagesimal.
B. the Pythagorean Theorem.
C. very rudimentary surgery.
D. charts on the movement of the planets.
E. a complex irrigation system.
 
71. The "Levant" refers to what area? 
A. Egypt
B. Anatolia
C. Sumeria
D. east coast of the Mediterranean (modern day Syria, Lebanon, Israel)
E. Arabian desert
 
72. Ancient Egypt owed its fertile soil to 
A. irrigation.
B. chemical fertilizer.
C. use of animal waste.
D. crop rotation.
E. the yearly flooding of the Nile.
 
73. In which way was Ancient Egypt the product of the Nile River? 
A. It provided for a prosperous culture.
B. Yearly floods were generally destructive.
C. Fear of the river created a dark and pessimistic society.
D. The river and its marshes created a clear political, economic, and social division between Upper and Lower Egypt.
E. The Nile isolated Egypt from the peoples around them.
 
74. The Egyptians viewed the pharaoh as 
A. a cruel tyrant.
B. a leader who received power from the people.
C. an unimportant figurehead.
D. a benevolent god.
E. the Nile God.
 
75. A distinctive feature of Egyptian religion was 
A. its emphasis on the afterlife.
B. monotheism.
C. a consistent, analytical mythology.
D. a small number of gods.
E. a lack of priests and temples of worship.
 
76. Egypt was the first government in recorded history to 
A. have a monotheistic national religion.
B. govern a large territory
C. use epic poetry to honor their kings.
D. have a set of written laws.
E. be a great trading power.
 
77. Egypt's pyramids represented 
A. a symbol of the pharaoh's divinity.
B. the ability to organize a labor force.
C. a monument to the pharaoh's ego.
D. a statement of power.
E. All of these.
 
78. The Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom included all of the following except 
A. a warrior-pharaoh who expanded Egyptian control over neighboring countries.
B. an important female pharaoh.
C. the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza.
D. a pharaoh who undertook a bold attempt at religious innovation.
E. the era known as the First International System, an era of peace and prosperity.
 
79. The monotheism of the Amarna Reform 
A. permitted universal, direct worship of a "solar disk" god.
B. permanently replaced the worship of Amun-Re.
C. introduced the concept of an all-powerful, jealous god.
D. died along with its founder, the pharaoh Akhenaton.
E. increased the power of temple priests.
 
80. Egyptian doctors 
A. had poor reputations in antiquity.
B. had no medical treatises to rely on.
C. were popular practitioners of a variety of techniques.
D. believed that only the gods could heal injuries and illnesses.
E. relied totally on magic and use of temple priest's charms.
 
81. The treaty between the pharaoh and the king of Hatti provided for all of the following except 
A. eternal peace between Egypt and the Hittites.
B. the promise of mutual aid if one was attacked.
C. the return of refugees.
D. reparations for losses incurred at the Battle of Qadesh.
E. both Egypt and the Hittites to worship Amon.
 
82. Which of the following statements is not true? 
A. All humans are descended from a single African ancestor.
B. The earliest humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies.
C. Africa is the cradle of humanity.
D. Scientists theorize that human language appeared with the hominids.
E. Scientists have a very clear theory as to the disappearance of the Neanderthals.
 
83. Hatshepsut was 
A. the great warrior king of the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
B. the king who brought advanced military technology to Egypt
C. a queen best known for public works and commercial expositions across the Red Sea.
D. a prominent temple priest.
E. responsible for the conquest of Nubia and Canaan
 
84. The first Indo-European civilization in Western Asia was that of the 
A. Israelites.
B. Hittites.
C. Chaldeans.
D. Greeks.
E. Assyrians.
 
85. All of the following can be attributed to the Hittites except 
A. a strong nobility competing for power with the king.
B. having the oldest recorded Indo-European language
C. a number of powerful queens and queen mothers.
D. a loose and chaotic government
E. texts giving a vivid sense of history.
 
86. Which of the following statements is not true? 
A. The years from 1450 to about 1300 B.C. mark a period of peace among the powers of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
B. The Amarna Archives was written in Sumerian cuneiform and was a formal treaty among states.
C. War was unlikely because of the equality of power among the leading states.
D. The era was marked by a period of dynastic marriages, commerce, and alliances.
E. Kings addressed each other as equals.
 
87. In arts and sciences, the Egyptians developed all of the following except 
A. irrigation systems.
B. abstract sculpture.
C. literature.
D. various written treatises in hieroglyphics.
E. astronomy and the calendar.
 
88. The Sea Peoples were 
A. the peaceful inhabitants of Egypt's coastal areas.
B. mysterious raiders of eastern Mediterranean states.
C. the founders of the Hattian state.
D. the first settlers of Greece.
E. pirates out of Africa.
 
89. The collapse of the international system between 1200 and 1150 B.C. 
A. resulted in the disappearance of the ancient cultures.
B. is thoroughly understood.
C. seems to have occurred because of foreign invasion, domestic problems, and possibly other factors.
D. resulted in a universal empire ruled by the Sea Peoples.
E. was caused most likely by a climatic catastrophe.
 
90. Which of the following are characteristics of the emergence of human civilization? 
A. A large and specialized labor force
B. Complex political systems
C. Clear class stratification
D. Development of city-states
E. All of these
 
91. What do ancient sculptural pieces tell the modern world about the history of the past? 
A. They often represent a religious theme.
B. They illustrate an abstract theme.
C. They illustrate the importance and rank of civil, religious, and military leaders.
D. They display various aspects of military life.
E. All of these
 
92. Which of the following is the correct chronological order in human development? 
A. Hunter-gatherers, invention of agriculture, food producers, development of towns
B. Hunter-gatherers, development of towns, food producers, invention of agriculture
C. Invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers, food producers, development of towns
D. Food producers, invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers, development of towns
E. Development of towns, hunter-gatherers, invention of agriculture, food producers
 
93. The Semitic Hyksos did all of the following except they 
A. invaded from Canaan and occupied Egypt.
B. ended the humane attitudes of the Middle Kingdom.
C. introduced advanced military technology to Egypt.
D. made the world's first peace treaty between equals.
E. helped bring modern warfare to Egypt.
 
94. The period from 1500 to 1200 B.C. was characterized by 
A. Absence of imperial ambition
B. Plagues and famines
C. Warfare and new states
D. The middle kingdom of Egypt
E. The continuing dominance of the Hyksos
 
95. The word "Pharaoh" (per-aa) means 
A. The great king
B. The war leader
C. The great house
D. The mighty god
E. The source of life
 
96. Which Egyptian deity was considered the creator, friend of men, and later lord of the underworld? 
A. Set
B. Osiris
C. Thoth
D. Horus
E. Isis
 
97. The Hittites were based in what geographical region? 
A. Anatolia
B. Levant
C. Mesopotamia
D. Indus Valley
E. Nile Valley
 
98. The Battle of Qadesh was between 
A. Egyptians and Sumerians
B. Egyptians and Hyksos
C. Egyptians and Hittites
D. Hittites and Hebrews
E. Hittites and Sumerians
 
99. The Statues at Abu Simbel represent which Pharaoh? 
A. Tutankamun
B. Hatshepsut
C. Akhenaten
D. Amenhotep
E. Rameses II
 
100. What year is generally identified with the downfall of the great near eastern empires of the 2nd millennium B.C.? 
A. 1500 B.C.
B. 1400 B.C.
C. 1300 B.C.
D. 1200 B.C.
E. 1100 B.C.
 
101. The first people with a robust, optimistic view of the afterlife were 
A. Sumerians
B. Akkadians
C. Hebrews
D. Egyptians
E. Hittites
 
102. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 Locate each civilization discussed in the chapter. On a contemporary map, find the modern names of the countries in which those civilizations emerged. Which modern state contains the most ancient sites mentioned in the chapter? 

 

 
 
103. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 By comparing the map of Egypt (Map 1.2) with the Mesopotamian area shown on Map 1.1, make a list of features the two regions had in common as well as topographical differences. What geographical features tended to make Egypt more secure and Mesopotamia more vulnerable to both fragmentation and invasion? 

 

 
 
104. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 What conclusions can you draw about the international system as shown in Map 1.3? You should be able to mention three or four points. 

 

 
 
105. Modern Humans entered Europe about 35,000 years ago. 
True    False
 
106. Early hunter-gatherers were the first to cultivate crops and livestock. 
True    False
 
107. Mesopotamia was bordered by the Tigris and the Nile rivers. 
True    False
 
108. Writing was developed to meet economic rather than creative needs. 
True    False
 
109. Political power in a Sumerian city rested primarily with the priests. 
True    False
 
110. Sargon was a native speaker of Sumerian. 
True    False
 
111. Mesopotamian religion was characterized by its pessimism. 
True    False
 
112. Egypt owed its prosperous economy and optimistic culture to its great engineering. 
True    False
 
113. Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife. 
True    False
 
114. Hittite is the oldest recorded Indo-European language. 
True    False

Chapter 1--The Ancestors of the West Key
 
1. Define the following key terms.

 Western civilizations 
Answer not provided.
 
2. Define the following key terms.

 hominids 
Answer not provided.
 
3. Define the following key terms.

 Homo sapiens sapiens 
Answer not provided.
 
4. Define the following key terms.

 Upper Paleolithic 
Answer not provided.
 
5. Define the following key terms.

 hunter-gatherers 
Answer not provided.
 
6. Define the following key terms.

 patriarchy 
Answer not provided.
 
7. Define the following key terms.

 matriarchy 
Answer not provided.
 
8. Define the following key terms.

 Neolithic Revolution 
Answer not provided.
 
9. Define the following key terms.

 Europe 
Answer not provided.
 
10. Define the following key terms.

 Mesopotamia 
Answer not provided.
 
11. Define the following key terms.

 cuneiform 
Answer not provided.
 
12. Define the following key terms.

 Sumerians 
Answer not provided.
 
13. Define the following key terms.

 Epic of Gilgamesh 
Answer not provided.
 
14. Define the following key terms.

 Upper Egypt 
Answer not provided.
 
15. Define the following key terms.

 Lower Egypt 
Answer not provided.
 
16. Define the following key terms.

 pharaoh 
Answer not provided.
 
17. Define the following key terms.

 city-states 
Answer not provided.
 
18. Define the following key terms.

 syncretism 
Answer not provided.
 
19. Define the following key terms.

 papyrus 
Answer not provided.
 
20. Define the following key terms.

 Iceman 
Answer not provided.
 
21. Define the following key terms.

 Hittites 
Answer not provided.
 
22. Define the following key terms.

 Hammurabi's Code 
Answer not provided.
 
23. Define the following key terms.

 Amarna reform 
Answer not provided.
 
24. Define the following key terms.

 Domestication 
Answer not provided.
 
25. Define the following key terms.

 Jericho 
Answer not provided.
 
26. Define the following key terms.

 Fertile Crescent 
Answer not provided.
 
27. Define the following key terms.

 Copper Age 
Answer not provided.
 
28. Define the following key terms.

 Civitas 
Answer not provided.
 
29. Define the following key terms.

 Hieroglyphics 
Answer not provided.
 
30. Define the following key terms.

 Sargon 
Answer not provided.
 
31. Define the following key terms.

 Divine Kingship 
Answer not provided.
 
32. Define the following key terms.

 Pyramids 
Answer not provided.
 
33. Define the following key terms.

 Syncretism 
Answer not provided.
 
34. Define the following key terms.

 Hatshepsut 
Answer not provided.
 
35. Define the following key terms.

 International system 
Answer not provided.
 
36. Define the following key terms.

 Neandertals 
Answer not provided.
 
37. Define the following key terms.

 Chauvet Cave 
Answer not provided.
 
38. Define the following key terms.

 Stonehenge 
Answer not provided.
 
39. Define the following key terms.

 Paleolithic 
Answer not provided.
 
40. Define the following key terms.

 Çatal Huyuk 
Answer not provided.
 
41. How would you go about formulating a definition of civilization? What elements are essential to civilized life and what sort of things would you consider desirable but not essential for your definition? Can warlike peoples be considered civilized? Give historical examples to illustrate your point. 
This question asks students to reflect on a notoriously slippery term. Essays should include mention of complex urban life, writing, and other details discussed in the chapter. Since the term civilized is often used loosely, students should realize that war, slavery, and numerous forms of cruelty have rarely been absent from any civilization.
 
42. Look at paintings from the Chauvet or Lascaux caves in books or on the Internet. What do they represent? What do they indicate about Stone Age people? 
The students will note that although we do not know what precisely the paintings represented, they should make some mention of the breakthrough of symbolic representation. They could also mention something related to mythology and religion. In addition, since caves were most probably used as shelter, the pictures could also be practical, telling of dangers or nearby food sources.
 
43. Compare the type of writing used by the early Mesopotamians and Egyptians. In what way was the development of writing influential to the development of their cultures? Discuss how the development of a written language further informs our understanding of these civilizations today. 
Should include a brief physical description of the two types of writing and could include the pros and cons of each. For example the difficulties of using the heaver, more brittle, clay tablets over the extended processes of making papyrus. Students could also mention the limitations on the use of ideograms, and pictograms, especially as regards abstract representation. There should also be some discussion as to how written language developed out of the practical economic needs of the time. Answers will vary on how written language furthers our understanding of the cultures in question.
 
44. Discus the role of queens in Egyptian rule. How did their reigns differ from their male counterparts? Give specific examples to illustrate your point. 
Essay will name female Egyptian leaders, and describe their unique contributions, as well as the distinguishing marks of their various periods in power. They may also perhaps reference female leaders from other early societies. Examples that should be included in the answer are such leaders as Hatshepsut, and Nefertiti. A good answer will include why the student thinks there are so few female Egyptian rulers, and why it takes until the New Kingdom for them to become manifest.
 
45. How did the course of ancient Egyptian history differ from that of Mesopotamia? How did this difference affect the mentality of the two civilizations? What role did geography play in the history of each area? 
This question invites students to consider the physical, political, and ethnic factors responsible for the differences between stability in Egypt and frequent turmoil in Mesopotamia. The geographical features of Mesopotamia are important in understanding why invasions were so often successful in the Fertile Crescent. Students should address the connection between events and world-views.
 
46. Discuss the religious ideas and practices of the peoples featured in Chapter 1, particularly the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians. How did their beliefs affect their culture? Could any of the early civilizations be described as atheistic? 
The key importance of religion in defining and shaping culture is the focus here. Students should give specific examples to illustrate their points.
 
47. What features were common to all the political structures of the civilizations surveyed in the chapter? Give examples of the major similarities, and point out two or three of the main differences found among the various regimes. Are any of the points you mentioned still characteristic of political life today? 
Students are asked to reflect on the nature of politics as reflected in historical development. The best essays will show a grasp of the general principles underlying the exercise of political authority in ancient times and the ways in which some of these principles still exist in the West, while others have been generally abandoned.
 
48. In which of the earliest civilizations discussed in the chapter would you have preferred to live, and why? 
Student answers will vary. Insist on the citation of specific facts to support whatever opinion is expressed.
 
49. Upon finding the remains of the Iceman, what physical and material remains gave scientists clues to his personal life as well as the environment that he lived in? 
Essays should discuss that there were several types of physical and material remains that gave scientists clues about the Iceman's personal life and the environment he lived in. Scientists could determine what he ate by remains in his stomach, and they studied his bone and teeth condition. The type of clothes he wore determined the climate or time of the year he died, his tools indicated the level of his development, and his wounds indicated how he died.
 
50. Discuss some of the chief differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Discuss how the advancements that were made helped to further humanity in its development of Civilization. 
Students should discuss the establishment of permanent settled habitations, the rise of agriculture, the role of military and religion, as well as innovations in metalworking, food storage, and human language and law.
 
51. The term prehistory refers to 
A. time periods before 1900.
B. the period before the invention of writing.
C. the earliest civilizations.
D. only the civilization of Mesopotamia.
E. the era prior to homo erectus.
 
52. Modern science indicates that the first human beings 
A. appeared in Africa.
B. lived millions of years ago.
C. developed stone tools.
D. developed a complex language.
E. All of these
 
53. Which of the following statements about Neandertals is true? 
A. They lived primarily in Northern Africa and the Middle East.
B. They were unable to adapt to the steamy forestlands of Africa
C. They were sensitive to loss, especially death.
D. They were not considered to belong to a human group.
E. They were not tool makers.
 
54. The remains of the Iceman discovered in Northern Italy left clues as to his 
A. diet.
B. climate and or time of year he died.
C. probable occupation.
D. early humans technological advancements in tools.
E. all of these.
 
55. The revolution in human culture between 70,000 and 10,000 B.C. included all of the following except 
A. improved manipulation of the environment through technology and/or organization.
B. cave paintings and notations on bones.
C. a dramatic increase in information being communicated.
D. carefully worked bone tools.
E. the establishment of cities.
 
56. Symbols of the Neolithic Revolution include all except 
A. an information revolution.
B. bone and cave painting.
C. the dawn of written languages.
D. the change from hunter-gatherer to farming life.
E. development of technology and organization.
 
57. The primary geographical feature early civilizations developed near was 
A. Deserts
B. Rivers
C. Montians
D. Sea coasts
E. All of these
 
58. Early Paleolithic cave art often depicted 
A. Early forms of writing.
B. Map making.
C. Animals.
D. Farming.
E. All of these.
 
59. The earliest civilizations developed about 
A. 3,500,000 B.C.
B. 50,000 B.C.
C. 3500-3000 B.C.
D. 1000 B.C.
E. 70,000 B.C.
 
60. The new civilized states were characterized by 
A. hunting and farming.
B. complex urban organization.
C. the use of stone implements.
D. oral recordkeeping but no writing.
E. dynasties based on matriarchal descent.
 
61. Which of the following are characteristics of the emergence of human civilization? 
A. A large and specialized labor force
B. Complex political systems
C. Clear class stratification
D. Development of city-states
E. All of these
 
62. All of the following accurately refer to cuneiform except it 
A. was initially developed for economic purposes.
B. consisted of wedge-shaped impressions on clay.
C. was developed in Mesopotamia.
D. inspired Egyptian writing.
E. developed into an abstract collection of symbols.
 
63. Sumerian cities were all of the following except 
A. interconnected webs of culture, commerce, and competition.
B. economically and politically organized.
C. culturally creative.
D. characterized by large temples to their gods called Ziggurats.
E. peaceful and sparsely populated.
 
64. Sargon was all of the following except 
A. an Akkadian-speaking conqueror of the Sumerians.
B. the reforming king of Lagash who sought to "protect the mother that is in distress."
C. the father of the first known woman poet.
D. Conqueror of Mesopotamia.
E. Commander of history's first professional army.
 
65. Hammurabi's Code provided for each of the following except 
A. ownership of property by women.
B. the principle of an eye for an eye.
C. justice dependent on a person's social class.
D. the elimination of mutilation, drowning, and impaling.
E. a detailed portrait of Mesopotamian society.
 
66. One of the strengths of Akkadian culture was 
A. Peacefulness
B. Ability to assimilate other cultures
C. Learning
D. Strong priestly caste
E. Agriculture
 
67. The chief god of the Sumerians was 
A. Enlil
B. Enki
C. Ishtar
D. Osiris
E. Isis
 
68. The Mesopotamian religion is characterized by 
A. the belief in one god.
B. anthropomorphic gods who inspire awe and fear.
C. a covenant between the gods and people.
D. a belief in an afterlife as a reward or punishment.
E. goddesses who sit in assemblies.
 
69. The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches all of the following except 
A. the need for a tyrannical government.
B. the value of deep friendships.
C. a philosophy of fatalism.
D. a "biblical" Flood.
E. the inevitability of death.
 
70. The Mesopotamians developed all except 
A. two systems of numbers: decimal and sexagesimal.
B. the Pythagorean Theorem.
C. very rudimentary surgery.
D. charts on the movement of the planets.
E. a complex irrigation system.
 
71. The "Levant" refers to what area? 
A. Egypt
B. Anatolia
C. Sumeria
D. east coast of the Mediterranean (modern day Syria, Lebanon, Israel)
E. Arabian desert
 
72. Ancient Egypt owed its fertile soil to 
A. irrigation.
B. chemical fertilizer.
C. use of animal waste.
D. crop rotation.
E. the yearly flooding of the Nile.
 
73. In which way was Ancient Egypt the product of the Nile River? 
A. It provided for a prosperous culture.
B. Yearly floods were generally destructive.
C. Fear of the river created a dark and pessimistic society.
D. The river and its marshes created a clear political, economic, and social division between Upper and Lower Egypt.
E. The Nile isolated Egypt from the peoples around them.
 
74. The Egyptians viewed the pharaoh as 
A. a cruel tyrant.
B. a leader who received power from the people.
C. an unimportant figurehead.
D. a benevolent god.
E. the Nile God.
 
75. A distinctive feature of Egyptian religion was 
A. its emphasis on the afterlife.
B. monotheism.
C. a consistent, analytical mythology.
D. a small number of gods.
E. a lack of priests and temples of worship.
 
76. Egypt was the first government in recorded history to 
A. have a monotheistic national religion.
B. govern a large territory
C. use epic poetry to honor their kings.
D. have a set of written laws.
E. be a great trading power.
 
77. Egypt's pyramids represented 
A. a symbol of the pharaoh's divinity.
B. the ability to organize a labor force.
C. a monument to the pharaoh's ego.
D. a statement of power.
E. All of these.
 
78. The Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom included all of the following except 
A. a warrior-pharaoh who expanded Egyptian control over neighboring countries.
B. an important female pharaoh.
C. the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza.
D. a pharaoh who undertook a bold attempt at religious innovation.
E. the era known as the First International System, an era of peace and prosperity.
 
79. The monotheism of the Amarna Reform 
A. permitted universal, direct worship of a "solar disk" god.
B. permanently replaced the worship of Amun-Re.
C. introduced the concept of an all-powerful, jealous god.
D. died along with its founder, the pharaoh Akhenaton.
E. increased the power of temple priests.
 
80. Egyptian doctors 
A. had poor reputations in antiquity.
B. had no medical treatises to rely on.
C. were popular practitioners of a variety of techniques.
D. believed that only the gods could heal injuries and illnesses.
E. relied totally on magic and use of temple priest's charms.
 
81. The treaty between the pharaoh and the king of Hatti provided for all of the following except 
A. eternal peace between Egypt and the Hittites.
B. the promise of mutual aid if one was attacked.
C. the return of refugees.
D. reparations for losses incurred at the Battle of Qadesh.
E. both Egypt and the Hittites to worship Amon.
 
82. Which of the following statements is not true? 
A. All humans are descended from a single African ancestor.
B. The earliest humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies.
C. Africa is the cradle of humanity.
D. Scientists theorize that human language appeared with the hominids.
E. Scientists have a very clear theory as to the disappearance of the Neanderthals.
 
83. Hatshepsut was 
A. the great warrior king of the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
B. the king who brought advanced military technology to Egypt
C. a queen best known for public works and commercial expositions across the Red Sea.
D. a prominent temple priest.
E. responsible for the conquest of Nubia and Canaan
 
84. The first Indo-European civilization in Western Asia was that of the 
A. Israelites.
B. Hittites.
C. Chaldeans.
D. Greeks.
E. Assyrians.
 
85. All of the following can be attributed to the Hittites except 
A. a strong nobility competing for power with the king.
B. having the oldest recorded Indo-European language
C. a number of powerful queens and queen mothers.
D. a loose and chaotic government
E. texts giving a vivid sense of history.
 
86. Which of the following statements is not true? 
A. The years from 1450 to about 1300 B.C. mark a period of peace among the powers of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
B. The Amarna Archives was written in Sumerian cuneiform and was a formal treaty among states.
C. War was unlikely because of the equality of power among the leading states.
D. The era was marked by a period of dynastic marriages, commerce, and alliances.
E. Kings addressed each other as equals.
 
87. In arts and sciences, the Egyptians developed all of the following except 
A. irrigation systems.
B. abstract sculpture.
C. literature.
D. various written treatises in hieroglyphics.
E. astronomy and the calendar.
 
88. The Sea Peoples were 
A. the peaceful inhabitants of Egypt's coastal areas.
B. mysterious raiders of eastern Mediterranean states.
C. the founders of the Hattian state.
D. the first settlers of Greece.
E. pirates out of Africa.
 
89. The collapse of the international system between 1200 and 1150 B.C. 
A. resulted in the disappearance of the ancient cultures.
B. is thoroughly understood.
C. seems to have occurred because of foreign invasion, domestic problems, and possibly other factors.
D. resulted in a universal empire ruled by the Sea Peoples.
E. was caused most likely by a climatic catastrophe.
 
90. Which of the following are characteristics of the emergence of human civilization? 
A. A large and specialized labor force
B. Complex political systems
C. Clear class stratification
D. Development of city-states
E. All of these
 
91. What do ancient sculptural pieces tell the modern world about the history of the past? 
A. They often represent a religious theme.
B. They illustrate an abstract theme.
C. They illustrate the importance and rank of civil, religious, and military leaders.
D. They display various aspects of military life.
E. All of these
 
92. Which of the following is the correct chronological order in human development? 
A. Hunter-gatherers, invention of agriculture, food producers, development of towns
B. Hunter-gatherers, development of towns, food producers, invention of agriculture
C. Invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers, food producers, development of towns
D. Food producers, invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers, development of towns
E. Development of towns, hunter-gatherers, invention of agriculture, food producers
 
93. The Semitic Hyksos did all of the following except they 
A. invaded from Canaan and occupied Egypt.
B. ended the humane attitudes of the Middle Kingdom.
C. introduced advanced military technology to Egypt.
D. made the world's first peace treaty between equals.
E. helped bring modern warfare to Egypt.
 
94. The period from 1500 to 1200 B.C. was characterized by 
A. Absence of imperial ambition
B. Plagues and famines
C. Warfare and new states
D. The middle kingdom of Egypt
E. The continuing dominance of the Hyksos
 
95. The word "Pharaoh" (per-aa) means 
A. The great king
B. The war leader
C. The great house
D. The mighty god
E. The source of life
 
96. Which Egyptian deity was considered the creator, friend of men, and later lord of the underworld? 
A. Set
B. Osiris
C. Thoth
D. Horus
E. Isis
 
97. The Hittites were based in what geographical region? 
A. Anatolia
B. Levant
C. Mesopotamia
D. Indus Valley
E. Nile Valley
 
98. The Battle of Qadesh was between 
A. Egyptians and Sumerians
B. Egyptians and Hyksos
C. Egyptians and Hittites
D. Hittites and Hebrews
E. Hittites and Sumerians
 
99. The Statues at Abu Simbel represent which Pharaoh? 
A. Tutankamun
B. Hatshepsut
C. Akhenaten
D. Amenhotep
E. Rameses II
 
100. What year is generally identified with the downfall of the great near eastern empires of the 2nd millennium B.C.? 
A. 1500 B.C.
B. 1400 B.C.
C. 1300 B.C.
D. 1200 B.C.
E. 1100 B.C.
 
101. The first people with a robust, optimistic view of the afterlife were 
A. Sumerians
B. Akkadians
C. Hebrews
D. Egyptians
E. Hittites
 
102. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 Locate each civilization discussed in the chapter. On a contemporary map, find the modern names of the countries in which those civilizations emerged. Which modern state contains the most ancient sites mentioned in the chapter? 
Answer not provided.
 
103. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 By comparing the map of Egypt (Map 1.2) with the Mesopotamian area shown on Map 1.1, make a list of features the two regions had in common as well as topographical differences. What geographical features tended to make Egypt more secure and Mesopotamia more vulnerable to both fragmentation and invasion? 
Answer not provided.
 
104. Use the map(s) referenced in each question for your answer.

 What conclusions can you draw about the international system as shown in Map 1.3? You should be able to mention three or four points. 
Answer not provided.
 
105. Modern Humans entered Europe about 35,000 years ago. 
TRUE
 
106. Early hunter-gatherers were the first to cultivate crops and livestock. 
FALSE
 
107. Mesopotamia was bordered by the Tigris and the Nile rivers. 
FALSE
 
108. Writing was developed to meet economic rather than creative needs. 
TRUE
 
109. Political power in a Sumerian city rested primarily with the priests. 
FALSE
 
110. Sargon was a native speaker of Sumerian. 
FALSE
 
111. Mesopotamian religion was characterized by its pessimism. 
TRUE
 
112. Egypt owed its prosperous economy and optimistic culture to its great engineering. 
FALSE
 
113. Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife. 
TRUE
 
114. Hittite is the oldest recorded Indo-European language. 
TRUE