Package Title: Testbank
Course Title:  Berg5e
Chapter Number: 02

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is termed: 

a) ecology
b) environmental sustainability
c) environmental ethics
d) environmental law

Answer: b 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

2) Sustainable development is economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

3) In 1987 the U.N. World Commission on Environment and Development presented a report on sustainable development called?

a) Tragedy of the Commons
b) Lifeboat Principle
c) Our Common Future
d) Silent Springs

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

4) Which of the following interact to promote sustainable development?

1 Economically viable decisions
2 Socially equitable decisions
3 Environmentally sound decisions
4 High rate of resources use
5 Rapid population growth

a) 1 and 3
b) 2 and 4
c) 1,2, and 3
d) 3,4, and 5
e) 1,4, and 5

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

5) Both pollution and degradation of the environment are exacerbated when individuals in populations consume larger amounts of resources.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

6) For a population to live within the limits of its environment which of the following must occur?
1 Population growth must be held to a level that is sustainable
2 Resource consumption must be decreased
3 Quality of life must be lowered
4 Degree of affluence must be maintained
5 Environmental degradation must be reduced

a) 1,2, and 4
b) 2,3 and 5
c) 1,2, and 5
d) 3,4, and 5
e) 1 and 2

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 7) Which of the following statements about sustainable development is TRUE?

a) Sustainable development can support a high quality of life with continued population growth.
b) Sustainable development is only possible for people living in wealthy countries.
c) Sustainable development can only support levels of consumption within the limits of the environment.
d) Sustainable development will be able to support everyone in the world at the United States level of consumption.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1 Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

8) Environmental sustainability implies:

a) the actions of humans directly impact the wellbeing of the natural environment
b) future generations will have the resources necessary for quality of life 
c) the environment can function indefinitely without going into a decline from the stresses imposed by human society on natural systems
d) all of these choices

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

9) Sustainable human activities or behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) identifying strategies for recycling natural resources.
b) working to limit human population growth.
c) developing technologies to improve car mileage.
d) promoting consumption to improve quality of life.

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

10) If economic decisions are to be sustainable they will have to consider which of the following?

a) environmental costs
b) societal costs
c) political costs
d) environmental and societal costs must both be considered

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

11) The three factors that interact to promote sustainable development are environmentally sound decisions, economically viable decisions, and _____________.

Answer: Socially equitable decisions

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 12) It has been argued that the United States has a serious consumption overpopulation problem. Why is this possibly true?

a) Birth rates are very high in the United States and this consumes a lot of hospital resources.
b) The United States is highly urbanized and this requires a massive transit system. 
c) The United States climate is cold and this requires a huge use of fossil fuels to stay warm.
d) The United States population consumes too large a portion of the world’s resources due to relatively affluent lifestyles.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption. Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 13) Which of the following is the BEST example of sustainable consumption?

a) Constructing a house on farmland on the edge of town and carpooling to work.
b) Flying to the Bahamas for a weekend getaway.
c) Preparing a meal at home with food bought at the local farmers market.
d) Purchasing five pairs of shoes at a local minority owned business.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 14) The use of goods and services that satisfy basic human needs, improve the quality of life but minimize resource use is referred to as:

a) sustainable consumption
b) organic agriculture
c) master planned communities
d) environmental justice

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 15) Widespread adoption of sustainable consumption at the global level will not be easy because:

a) sustainable consumption requires the eradication of poverty which requires that poor people increase their consumption of certain essential resources to improve the quality of their lives and these resources are no longer available.
b) sustainable consumption requires that the consumption patterns of people in highly developed countries must change to allow for the eradication of poverty and such changes in the lifestyles of people in highly developed countries is a challenge.
c) sustainable consumption requires that everyone embrace voluntary simplicity on a compulsory basis and while this is supported by politicians, economists are not in support.
d) sustainable consumption requires the excessive reliance on global resources that will result in a tragedy of the commons

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 16) Global sustainable development depends on eradication of poverty in the developing world. What is the consequence of this?

a) Developing countries will consume at the same levels as developed countries today.
b) Poor people will need to move to cities increasing urban air pollution.
c) Developing countries will be forced into deforestation in order to meet their economic needs.
d) Poor people in developing countries need to increase their consumption of certain essential resources.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 17) Which of the following is the BEST example of voluntary simplicity?

a) owning a car and occasionally carpooling
b) owning a car and motorscooter
c) owning one traditional car, and one hybrid car
d) sharing ownership of a hybrid car with someone else

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

18) A type of sustainable consumption which recognizes that individual happiness and quality of life are not necessarily linked to the accumulation of material goods, but rather that a person’s values and character define that individual more than how many things he or she owns is known as:

a) environmental ethics
b) voluntary simplicity
c) sustainable development
d) environmental justice

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

19) Sustainable consumption that recognizes individual happiness and quality of life are not necessarily linked to the accumulation of material goods is known as _____________

Answer: Voluntary simplicity

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 20) Which of the following is the MOST sustainable product?

a) An organic pear from China.
b) Blueberries grown organically on commercial farms.
c) Corn grown in an industrialized farm as cattle feed.
d) A locally produced orange grown using limited amounts of pesticides.

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 21) What does the photograph BEST represent?

a) A deep ecology worldview.
b) Sustainable consumption.
c) Child labor.
d) Poverty.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

22) Formal and informal education is an important component in promoting voluntary simplicity?

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1. Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 23) Which of the following issues might an environmental ethicist study?

a) The moral consequences of the use of human stem cells to control disease.
b) Whether NIMBY behavior is morally acceptable.
c) The endangered species act’s economic impact on developers.
d) The impacts of biodiversity loss on local ecosystem.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 24) Why are both science and ethics necessary to solve environmental problems?

a) Science helps us understand the outcomes of particular actions and ethics are necessary to help us decide what we ought to do among a range of choices.
b) Ethics are necessary to keep environmental scientists from exaggerating scientific truths.
c) Ethics are necessary to provide economic solutions to problems identified by scientists.
d) Because of societal pressures humans cannot generally be trusted to do what is right.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 25) Which field of study considers the moral basis of environmental responsibility?

a) Deep ecology
b) Environmental science
c) Environmental ethics
d) Voluntary simplicity

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 26) An environmental ethicist would be concerned with:

a) what role humans play in determining the fate of Earth’s resources
b) how humans should relate to the natural environment
c) the moral basis of environmental responsibility 
d) all of these choices

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

27) _________ are the principles that an individual or a society considers worthwhile.

Answer: Values

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2 Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

28) The field of philosophy that is concerned with the application of human values is known as ________.

Answer: Ethics

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2 Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 29) A personal perspective based on a collection of basic values and beliefs about how the environment works, that helps us make sense of our place and purpose in it, and determine right and wrong behaviors describes:

a) Voluntary simplicity
b) Deep ecology worldview
c) Western worldview
d) Environmental worldview

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions. 
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 30) What is deep ecology worldview?

a) A radical anthropocentric worldview. 
b) A worldview based on the idea that all species have equal worth. 
c) An idea that resource consumption is unethical. 
d) An expansionist worldview. 

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 31)  What worldview does this photograph BEST represent?

a) A deep ecology worldview.
b) A sustainable consumption worldview.
c) A western worldview.
d) Any environmental worldview.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 32) The idea that species have intrinsic value would be supported by:

a) People with a deep ecology worldview.
b) People with a frontier attitude.
c) People with an expansionist worldview.
d) People with a Western attitude.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 33) An expansionist worldview would support all of the following EXCEPT:

a) An anthropocentric utilitarian view of resources.
b) A desire to conquer and exploit nature.
c) The inherent right of individuals to accumulate wealth and consume unlimited resources to provide material comfort.
d) No exceptions, all of the above would be supported by an expansionist worldview.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 34) Which of the following statements reflects the Western worldview?

a) All organisms are interdependent
b) Nature should be preserved, not used
c) Humans have the right to modify the environment to benefit their wellbeing and high standard of living
d) Humans and all other species have equal worth

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 35) The deep ecology world view most closely resembles the:

a) Western worldview
b) utilitarian conservationist attitude
c) frontier attitude
d) biocentric preservationist attitude

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 36) According to the Western worldview humanity is ethically obligated to which of the following?

a) other organisms
b) humans
c) biodiversity
d) natural resources

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 37) A deep ecology worldview would support all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Nonhuman life forms have value that is independent of the usefulness they may have for narrow human purposes.
b) The richness and diversity of life contribute to the flourishing of life on Earth and humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
c) The inherent responsibility of individuals to implement changes in society so that humans can flourish. 
d) A spiritual respect for life reflected in appreciating quality of life rather than adhering to a high standard of living.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 38) What is a serious shortcoming of the Western worldview to attaining environmental sustainability?

a) It promotes an unlimited consumption of goods and services.
b) A belief in the rights of individuals
c) The use of natural resources
d) A disregard of humans

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 39) Why is the deep ecology worldview impractical?

a) It is immoral to ask people to lower their standards of living.
b) Everyone would need to become a vegetarian.
c) It is clearly not sustainable since it gives rights to animals.
d) Human population size would have to decline drastically for it to work.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

40) The Western worldview was heavily influenced by and mirrors the beliefs of the 19th century _________

Answer: Frontier attitude

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2 Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

41) The work of Ness, Devall, and Sessions provided the foundation for the ____________, a view based on harmony with nature.

Answer: Deep ecology worldview

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2 Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

42) Deep ecology worldview believes that both human and nonhuman life have _________, value for its own sake.

Answer: Intrinsic value

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2 Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 43) The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to:

a) racial prejudice
b) environmental justice
c) voluntary simplicity
d) phytoremediation.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 44) Environmental justice is BEST reflected in:

a) the concern that the largest number of landfills, incinerators, and sewage treatment plants are found in low-income communities.
b) the recognition that a person’s values and character define that individual more than how many things he or she owns.
c) joining a car-sharing program rather than choosing individual car-ownership.
d) the idea that humans have no right to reduce the richness and diversity of life except to satisfy vital needs.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 45) What is probably TRUE about the children living in neighborhoods like this one?

a) They are likely to suffer from asthma.
b) They are probably poor.
c) They probably live in a minority neighborhood.
d) All of these choices

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 46) What rights does environmental justice seek to provide?

a) Adequate protection from environmental hazards.
b) Adequate wealth to live in clean neighborhoods.
c) The right to follow western worldview ideas.
d) Ability to live the deep ecology lifestyle.

Answer: a 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

47) What is a potential shortcoming in achieving environmental justice? 

a) It is more expensive to clean-up hazardous waste in low-income communities because of the lack of technical skill in these communities.
b) Residents of low-income and minority communities have less involvement in the political process and may not even be aware of their exposure to increased levels of pollutants.
c) Minority communities tend to get more cooperation from government agencies that can help them.
d) Too many programs exist to serve the environmental justice needs of low-income and minority communities and these are often in competition with each other making it hard to accomplish the goals.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 48) All of the following statements regarding the need for environmental justice and the challenges in accomplishing its goals are true EXCEPT:

a) Many studies indicate that hazardous waste facilities, sanitary landfills, and incinerators are more likely to be located in low-income and minority communities.
b) Currently, we have little scientific evidence showing to what extent a polluted environment is responsible for the disproportionate health problems of poor and minority communities. 
c) Research evidence suggests that minority communities tend to get more cooperation from government agencies that can help them.
d) Residents of low-income and minority communities have less involvement in the political process and may not even be aware of their exposure to increased levels of pollutants.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 49) Which of the following actions DOES NOT reflect environmental justice?

a) Promoting special efforts to clean up hazardous sites on Native American reservations.
b) Funding studies to study how environmental pollutants might interact with socioeconomic factors to cause health problems.
c) Helping less-developed countries cope with climate change.
d) All these actions reflect environmental justice.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

50) Environmental justice is the right of every citizen and animal to adequate protection from environmental hazards.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

51) In the 1990’s President Clinton signed an executive order mandating that all federal agencies consider environmental justice during planning decisions.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 52) Recommendations for achieving sustainable living include:

a) Eliminate poverty.
b) Design sustainable cities.
c) Provide adequate food for all people. 
d) All these are recommendations for sustainable living.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 53) Which of the recommendations for achieving sustainable living is most likely to be addressed by what is indicated in this photograph:

a) Eliminating poverty.
b) Designing sustainable cities.
c) Protecting and restoring Earth’s resources. 
d) Mitigating climate change.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 54) Which of the actions indicated in the photographs below would be the BEST way to address the goal of stabilizing population for achieving sustainable living?

Energy Neutral Construction

Family Planning in Egypt

Bicycle Rack in Amsterdam

d) Restoration in Indonesia

a) Energy Neutral Construction
b) Family Planning in Egypt
c) Bicycle Rack in Amsterdam
d) Restoration in Indonesia

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 55) Which of the actions indicated in the photographs below would be the BEST way to address the goal of mitigating climate change for achieving sustainable living:

Energy Neutral Construction

Family Planning in Egypt

Bicycle Rack in Amsterdam

d) Restoration in Indonesia

a) Energy Neutral Construction
b) Family Planning in Egypt
c) Bicycle Rack in Amsterdam
d) Restoration in Indonesia

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 56) Which of the following is key to the elimination of world poverty and stabilizing global population?

a) Globalization
b) Work programs for men 
c) Increased consumption
d)  Educating children and improving status of women

Answer: d 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems 
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 57) What is carrying capacity?

a) The maximum population in sustained development projects. 
b) The maximum population that can be sustained by a given environment.
c) The average number of organisms living in a given environment.
d) The minimum population surviving in the world as a whole.

Answer: b 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 58) Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service?

a) Car sharing programs.
b) Protection of watersheds and flood control.
c) Multi-cropping practices in agriculture.
d) Stabilizing human population growth.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 59) What is cultural diversity?

a) An integration program to reduce poverty and discrimination based on environmental justice.
b) The total variety of organisms living on planet Earth.
c) Earth’s variety of human communities, including, language, community, and identity.
d) The variety of ethnic backgrounds in a given area.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 60) What is meant by food insecurity?

a) The potential decline in agricultural productivity due to reduced soil fertility as a result of multi-cropping.
b) The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition likely due to poverty.
c) The increased pressures on food production as a result of increases in global population.
d) The potential decline in agricultural productivity due to conservation tillage.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 61) What does the image below represent and how does it relate to designing sustainable cities?

a) Residents of squatter community, like this one, must be evicted in order to achieve the goal of making cities more sustainable.
b) Comparing the squatter community in the foreground to the skyscrapers in the back shows how a city can be transformed when sustainable city design is embraced as a goal for re-development. 
c) Squatter communities, due to their lower resource consumption, should be left unchanged as living in such conditions is compatible with the goals of sustainable living. 
d) Squatter settlements should be improved to provide basic service such as clean water to drink, sewage treatment, and garbage pickup so as to provide a better quality of life for the poorest of the poor. 

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

62) Lester R. Brown’s book Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and Civilization in Trouble has seven recommendations for sustainable living

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

63) ___________ is the maximum population that can be sustained by a given environment without degrading the environment.

Answer: Carrying capacity

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

64) Multicropping, aquaculture, and conservation tillage are all methods that can be used to ensure adequate food for the human population.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 65) What is sustainable development? Describe the three interacting factors that must be considered in order to promote sustainable development.

Answer: 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth
Solution: As defined by the United Nations, sustainable development is economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This type of development thus implies three interlinked ideas:
(1) sustainable development can only occur within the limits of the environment so all development decisions should be such that they do not harm the environment or deplete natural resources
(2) development decisions should be economically viable ones that consider all costs, including long-term environmental and societal costs
(3) development decisions should be socially equitable decisions that reflect needs of society and ensure costs and benefits are shared equally by all groups

 66) Some environmentalists have suggested that the phrase sustainable development is an oxymoron. How would you argue that this is not true?

Solution: The word sustainable infers behaviors and activities will meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept of sustainability could be considered to be inherently incompatible with development, which implies economic growth or increasing improvements that improve quality of life. However, sustainability is really about doing more with less and in order for sustainable development to be fully realized three factors will have to be followed – that decisions made are environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially equitable. These three factors interact to promote sustainable development.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 67) What is sustainable consumption and why is accomplishing this not going to be easy? What is one way that people in the United States and other highly developed countries have embraced sustainable consumption?

Solution: Sustainable consumption implies the use of goods and services that satisfy basic human needs and improve the quality of life but also minimize resource use. To live within these environmental limits requires two inter-related changes — the eradication of poverty which requires that poor people increase their consumption of certain essential resources to improve the quality of their lives; and a change in the consumption patterns of people in highly developed countries such that they first stabilize their use of natural resources, and then reduce this use to a level that can be maintained to allow for the eradication of poverty. These changes while they are necessary, as the world does not contain nearly enough resources to sustain everyone at the level of consumption that is enjoyed in the United States, Europe, and Japan, are also a challenge as they require major changes in the consumption patterns and lifestyles of most people in the developed world. One way that people in the highly developed world (including the USA) have embraced sustainable consumption is through voluntary simplicity, which recognizes that individual happiness and quality of life are not necessarily linked to the accumulation of material goods but rather that a person’s values and character define that individual. 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.1  Explain sustainable development and sustainable consumption
Section Reference 1: Section 2.1 Human Use of the Earth

 68) Why does consumption overpopulation normally occur when common resources are shared? 

Solution: Our inability to solve many environmental problems is the result of a struggle between short-term individual welfare and long-term environmental sustainability and societal welfare. If each individual maximized the shared resource (i.e. commons) pollution and degradation of the environment is exacerbated. Consumption overpopulation results from consumption-oriented lifestyles when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources. The challenges of sustainability managing resources are key. Resource exploitation may benefit only a few, however everyone must pay the environmental cost of the short-term individual gains.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 69) Compare and contrast two images below. 

Solution: Figure 2.5a represents the traditional Western worldview, also known as the expansionist worldview, is a human centered and utilitarian view of the world which is based on human superiority over nature and supports the desire to conquer and exploit nature as quickly as possible. The Western worldview also advocates the inherent rights of individuals, accumulation of wealth, and unlimited consumption of goods and services to provide material comforts. On the other hand, Figure 2.6b represents a deep ecology worldview that is based on harmony with nature, a spiritual respect for life, and the belief that humans and all other species have an equal worth and as such humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.2  Describe the role of ethics and worldviews in informing environmental decisions.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.2 Human Values and Environmental Problems

 70) What is environmental justice? What steps can be taken to promote environmental justice? Discuss two.

Answer: 

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice
Solution: Environmental justice is the right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, or other factors, to adequate protection from environmental hazards. To promote environmental justice, movements have emerged at the grassroots level as a strong motivator for change. Advocates of the environmental justice movement are calling for special efforts to clean up hazardous sites in low-income neighborhoods, from inner-city streets to Native American reservations. Many advocates also cite the need for more research on human diseases that environmental pollutants may influence. Steps include organizing collective groups to show the power of the people being impacted since their power is not reflected in the money they can wield.

 71) Why is it difficult to accomplish the goals of environmental justice? Discuss three reasons. 

Solution: Environmental justice is the right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, or other factors, to adequate protection from environmental hazards. While in principle this seems like an obvious fundamental human right in an ethical society, there are many reasons why the goals of environmental justice are or have been difficult to accomplish.
(1) Though many studies indicate that low-income and minority communities are more likely than others to have chemical plants, hazardous waste facilities, sanitary landfills, and incinerators located within their boundaries, such communities often have limited involvement in the political process and may not even be aware of their exposure to increased levels of pollutants. 
(2) Because people in low-income communities frequently lack access to sufficient health care, they may not be treated adequately for exposure to environmental contaminants. 
(3) While the high incidence of certain health conditions (such as asthma) in many minority communities may be caused or exacerbated by exposure to environmental pollutants, few studies have examined how environmental pollutants interact with other socioeconomic factors to cause health problems. Currently, we have little scientific evidence showing to what extent a polluted environment is responsible for the disproportionate health problems of poor and minority communities. 
(4) Low-income communities may not receive equal benefits from federal cleanup programs. Some research shows that toxic waste sites in white communities were cleaned up faster and better than those in minority communities. 
(5) Until the practices and processes that create the environmental hazards are eliminated, there will always be some populations at risk to exposure. 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.3 Discuss the relationship between community health and environmental justice.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.3 Environmental Justice

 72) In the book Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, Lester Brown proposes five recommendations for living a sustainable lifestyle. Describe these and provide one example of how you might help to accomplish each in your own lifetime.

Solution: Lester Brown’s five recommendations for living a sustainable lifestyle are:
(1) Eliminate poverty and stabilize the human population.
(2) Protect and restore Earth’s resources.
(3) Provide adequate food for all people.
(4) Mitigate climate change.
(5) Design sustainable cities.
Examples will vary on how to accomplish these recommendations but here are some examples:
(1) have two or fewer children, volunteer in a literacy program
(2) donate to an environmental organization, volunteer for an environmental organization locally, recycle and reuse products.
(3) waste less food, become a vegetarian, grow my own food
(4) switch to a lower emission vehicle, turn down the thermostat, walk or carpool, solar panels
(5) volunteer with the planning commission, vote for environmental policies, promote sustainable urban development

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 73) What is living sustainably and how does it relate to the analogy of "living off the principle instead of living off the interest"? What changes are needed to approach this ideal?

Solution: If the world’s resources were considered a bank account, then living off the interest instead of having to tap into the principle would be considered living sustainably. Environment and ecosystems are our natural capital and ecosystem services are interest on that capital. Environmental sustainability is the ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means keeping the principle intact. To approach this ideal, natural resources should not be overused, excessive pollution should not be generated and economic growth should be balanced with environmental conservation.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living

 74) Why is it important for communities to take responsibility for their own (local) environments if our goal is to improve the global environment? 

Solution: Local self-sufficiency in production of goods and disposal of wastes is needed for a community to maintain the vitality of its local ecosystem. Local sustainability eliminates the need for global transportation of some goods and the dependence on the natural resources of other nations. Likewise national efforts of environmental protection are needed to manage the world’s biological and physical resources. Actions that give communities control over their own lives are important in enabling them to move their communities toward sustainability. If individual nations empower communities in these ways, their local communities will function well, and so will the world as a whole. 

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: LO 2.4  Explain how living sustainably can minimize environmental problems.
Section Reference 1: Section 2.4 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living