Chapter 01
Sexuality in Perspective

Multiple Choice Questions
 
1. (p. 2) According to the text, the term _____ specifically refers to the state of being male or female. 
A. sexual anatomy
B. gender
C. sexual behavior
D. sex

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
2. (p. 3) According to the text, sexual behavior is defined as: 
A. penis-in-vagina intercourse.
B. the behavior that is chiefly associated with reproduction.
C. the behavior that produces arousal and increases the chance of orgasm.
D. the sexual activity that is associated with masculine and feminine roles in some way.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
3. (p. 3) Which of the following societies openly acknowledged homosexuality and heterosexuality? 
A. The ancient Greeks
B. The 20th-century Chinese
C. The 15th-century Christians
D. The Victorian Europeans

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
4. (p. 3) For the ancient Greeks, the norm of sexuality in their society was: 
A. persecution of homosexuals.
B. homosexuality.
C. open participation in both heterosexuality and homosexuality.
D. open heterosexuality and hidden homosexuality.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
 
5. (p. 3) Fifteenth-century Christians believed that nocturnal emissions resulted from: 
A. intercourse with spirits.
B. hidden homosexual behavior.
C. sexual dreams.
D. weak control over the body.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
 
6. (p. 3) According to the "Malleus Maleficarum," the person who had wet dreams was guilty of: 
A. incestuous relations.
B. unsafe sexual practices.
C. homosexuality and bestiality.
D. sodomy and witchcraft.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
 
7. (p. 3) Over the centuries, the _____ have believed that sexual intercourse was one of the finest pleasures of life. 
A. Victorians
B. Muslims
C. Catholics
D. Protestants

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
8. (p. 3) The early sex researchers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries began their research in the Victorian Era, a cultural context that is best described as: 
A. rigid and oppressive.
B. hedonistic.
C. liberal.
D. similar to that of the ancient Greeks.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
9. (p. 3) Which of the following scientists discovered sperm swimming in human semen? 
A. Henry Havelock Ellis
B. Oskar Hertwig
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
10. (p. 3) Which of the following scientists first observed the actual fertilization of the egg by the sperm in sea urchins? 
A. Henry Havelock Ellis
B. Oskar Hertwig
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
11. (p. 3) Identify the Viennese physician who contributed to our understanding of the psychological aspects of human sexuality and who is also credited as the founder of psychiatry and psychoanalysis. 
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Oskar Hertwig
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
12. (p. 3-4) The prevailing values and norms toward sexuality during the Victorian era (late 1800s and early 1900s) emphasized: 
A. sexual permissiveness for both sexes.
B. aberrant and obscene sensuality.
C. sexual repression.
D. sexual fulfillment.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
13. (p. 4) Which of the following researchers pioneered modern sex research by combining medical and anthropological information about sexuality? 
A. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
B. Henry Havelock Ellis
C. Magnus Hirschfeld
D. Sigmund Freud

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
14. (p. 4) _____ was the author of "Studies in the Psychology of Sex." 
A. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Magnus Hirschfeld
D. Henry Havelock Ellis

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
15. (p. 4) Which of the following is true about Henry Havelock Ellis? 
A. He was a psychologist by profession.
B. He believed that women, like men, are sexual creatures.
C. He urged the society to reject sexual deviations.
D. He was primarily interested in the study of sexually-deviant behaviors.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
16. (p. 4) Richard von Krafft-Ebing had a special interest in _____. 
A. normative sexuality
B. pathological sexuality
C. nonhuman sexual behavior
D. sexually transmitted diseases

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
17. (p. 4) "Psychopathia Sexualis" was authored by: 
A. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
B. Henry Havelock Ellis.
C. Magnus Hirschfeld.
D. Sigmund Freud.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
18. (p. 4) Identify the early sex researcher who coined the concepts of sadism, masochism, and pedophilia. 
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Magnus Hirschfeld
C. Henry Havelock Ellis
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
19. (p. 4-5) The first institute of sexual research was founded by: 
A. Alfred Kinsey.
B. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
C. Henry Havelock Ellis.
D. Magnus Hirschfeld.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
20. (p. 5) Which of the following was an accomplishment of early sex researcher Magnus Hirschfeld? 
A. He established the first journal on the study of sex.
B. He was the first to observe the ovum in humans.
C. He coined the terms heterosexuality and homosexuality.
D. He was the founder of psychiatry and psychoanalysis.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
21. (p. 5) One of Magnus Hirschfeld's special areas of interest in the study of human sexuality was: 
A. the sexual response cycle.
B. pedophilia.
C. homosexuality.
D. masochism.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
22. (p. 5-6) In the 20th century, a study looking at the physiology of sexual response was conducted by: 
A. Alfred Kinsey.
B. Masters and Johnson.
C. Margaret Mead.
D. Bronislaw Malinowski.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
23. (p. 6) Since its inception in the late 1800s, the scientific study of sex has been: 
A. characterized by a unified approach.
B. an interdisciplinary effort among several scientific disciplines.
C. dominated primarily by religious views of sexuality.
D. enthusiastically supported in even the most conservative societies.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
24. (p. 7) _____ refers to the view that exposure to the mass media makes people think that what they see in the media represents the mainstream of what really occurs. 
A. Agenda setting
B. Cultivation
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Collectivism

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
25. (p. 7) Avid viewers of TV soap operas may begin to believe that sexual intercourse between unmarried individuals is mainstream because this is the most frequently shown sexual activity on these programs. This process is an example of: 
A. sexual repression.
B. cultural diversity.
C. agenda setting.
D. cultivation.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
26. (p. 7) The media's constant stereotypical depiction of good-looking people as being happier, healthier, more successful, and living more glamorous lives causes many young viewers to overestimate the importance of physical appearance in real life. Which of the following types of media influence is best described in this example? 
A. Agenda setting
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Cultivation
D. Brainwashing

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 
27. (p. 7) _____ refers to the idea that the media define what is important and what is not by which stories they cover. 
A. Agenda setting
B. Cultivation
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Schematization

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
28. (p. 7) In a particular year, news channels extensively report the high-profile divorce of a celebrity, while providing very little coverage of a hurricane in the country. Thus, stories concerning the lives of celebrities are given more importance by the media than the destruction of lives and property in a natural calamity. This is an example of: 
A. social learning.
B. brainwashing.
C. agenda setting.
D. cultivation.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
29. (p. 7) A television network only telecasts shows that specifically carry sensationalized stories on the lives of the rich and the famous and their sexual exploits. This is an example of: 
A. social learning.
B. agenda setting.
C. brainwashing.
D. cultivation.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 
30. (p. 7) In communications theory, _____ is the idea that the media provide role models whom we imitate. 
A. agenda setting
B. cultivation
C. ethnocentrism
D. social learning

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
31. (p. 7) Fiona is a teenager in high school and a fan of a TV show that centers on the lives of a group of rich socialites. She emulates the characters so much that even her wardrobe resembles that of the female leads on the show. This is an example of: 
A. agenda setting.
B. brainwashing.
C. indoctrination.
D. social learning.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
32. (p. 7) _____ is the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and way of life are the standards by which other cultures should be judged. 
A. Ethnomethodology
B. Ethnology
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Ethnicity

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
33. (p. 7) _____ refers to the traditional ideas and values passed down from generation to generation within a group and transmitted to members of the group by symbols. 
A. Civilization
B. Culture
C. Evolution
D. Development

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
34. (p. 7) In the American society, a woman with a slim figure is considered to be more attractive than a woman who is plump or overweight. However, for members of certain other cultures, the exact opposite might be true. This difference can be related to the concept of: 
A. familismo.
B. cultivation.
C. machismo.
D. ethnocentrism.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
35. (p. 7) A group of twelve engineering students from California travel to China for an extended study tour. While staying there, the students realize that the Chinese have a completely different understanding of sexual expression. Couples rarely hug or kiss in public places, advertisements of products related to sexuality are few, and sexual content in the media is heavily censored. The students experience a conflict between how sexuality is perceived in America and China. Which of the following concepts best explains this conflict? 
A. Xenocentrism
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Huo yin yang
D. Ambivalent sexuality

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 
36. (p. 7) _____ refers to a regulation prohibiting sexual interaction between blood relatives. 
A. Kinship taboo
B. Incest taboo
C. Oedipal taboo
D. Electra complex

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
37. (p. 7-8) Incest taboo is: 
A. nearly universal.
B. predominantly a Western concept.
C. weaker now than a century ago.
D. promoted by the media in a mainstream society.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
38. (p. 8) Which of the following is cross-culturally true with regard to the relationship between sexual expression and the infliction of pain? 
A. People in most societies bite their partners to the point of drawing blood.
B. Inflicting pain on the partner during sexual intercourse is a strict taboo in most societies.
C. It is common in most societies for the woman to inflict pain on the man.
D. Most commonly, both men and women mutually inflict pain on each other.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
39. (p. 8) The frequency of sexual intercourse varies considerably across societies. Most societies: 
A. encourage people to indulge in a variety of deviant sexual activities.
B. have restrictions against intercourse at certain times or in certain situations.
C. encourage individuals to have sexual intercourse as frequently as possible.
D. discourage married couples from having sexual intercourse on a regular basis.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy

 
40. (p. 8) Most societies are consistent in: 
A. recommending that masturbation be taught to children.
B. encouraging masturbation if done in private.
C. condemning masturbation more when it is performed by men.
D. showing some disapproval of adult masturbation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
41. (p. 9) Sex education is nonexistent and there seems to be no knowledge of French kissing, mouth stimulation of erotic parts, or homosexuality in the _____ culture. 
A. Inis Beag
B. Greek
C. Mangaian
D. Ponapean

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
42. (p. 9) Which of the following is true of sexuality on the island of Mangaia? 
A. Premarital sex is essentially unknown.
B. Masturbation is the only form of sexual activity undertaken.
C. Foreplay is limited to kissing and fondling of the buttocks.
D. Boys learn about cunnilingus from male experts.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
43. (p. 9) Researchers have found that on the island of Mangaia: 
A. female orgasm is thought to be nonexistent or deviant.
B. older women and men instruct young boys in sexual matters.
C. older men instruct young girls in sexual matters.
D. after their mid-forties, men and women abstain from sex.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
44. (p. 9) Which of the following societies have the lowest frequency of sexual intercourse? 
A. Inis Beag
B. Mangaia
C. Ponape
D. Eastern Polynesia

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
45. (p. 10) When sexual behavior is examined across cultures, the type of sexual activity that is the most strictly forbidden is: 
A. homosexuality.
B. incest.
C. extramarital sex.
D. premarital sex.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
46. (p. 10) Identify the type of sexual contact that is most strictly forbidden. 
A. A married woman having sexual intercourse with someone other than her husband.
B. A woman having sexual intercourse with another woman.
C. Sexual relations between married individuals.
D. Sexual relations between a father and a daughter.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
47. (p. 10) Which of the following is the second most prohibited type of sexual activity across all cultures? 
A. Extramarital sex
B. Premarital sex
C. Incest taboo
D. Same-gender sexual activity

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
48. (p. 10) Even when extramarital sex is permitted, it is subjected to regulations. Identify the most common pattern of restriction. 
A. Extramarital sex is allowed as long as the married individuals are discreet about their infidelities.
B. Extramarital sex is allowed for wives in case they have no children.
C. Extramarital sex is allowed for husbands but not wives.
D. Extramarital sex is allowed when the couple is middle-aged.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
49. (p. 10) Which of the following is true with regard to homosexuality? 
A. It is found only in certain societies.
B. Same-gender sexual behavior is nearly universal across societies.
C. Outside the Western world, it tends to be the predominant form of sexual behavior for adults.
D. Attitudes toward homosexuality vary little across cultures.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
50. (p. 10) Which of the following is a general rule with regard to same-gender sexual behavior? 
A. Across the world, there is little variation in attitudes toward same-gender sexual expression.
B. Same-gender sexual behavior is now accepted by all the major world religions.
C. Most societies in the world actively encourage homosexual behavior.
D. Same-gender sexual behavior is never the predominant form of sexual behavior for adults in any of the societies studied.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
51. (p. 11) Which of the following is a general rule with regard to the standard of attractiveness? 
A. An attractive woman is a thin woman.
B. A poor complexion is unattractive.
C. A plump woman is considered unattractive.
D. Having small ears and nose is considered attractive.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
52. (p. 11) Among the Nawa women of Africa, it is considered attractive to have _____ labia majora. 
A. hairy
B. elongated
C. tattooed
D. small

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
53. (p. 12) According to a research based on social class variations and sexuality, which of the following women is most likely to terminate a pregnancy by abortion? 
A. Millie, a high school drop-out
B. Joan, a high school diploma holder
C. Sandra, a college sophomore
D. Kelly, a master's degree holder

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 
54. (p. 12) The key to understanding the differences and similarities in sexuality among ethnic groups in the United States is the: 
A. cultural context of the different groups.
B. opportunity for sexual activities.
C. biological differences among the groups.
D. the birth rate prevalent in the country.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
55. (p. 13) Which of the following is one of the defining factors that make the sexuality of Blacks somewhat different from that of whites? 
A. The influences of the Judeo-Christian tradition
B. The gender roles of machismo and marianismo
C. The legacies of the Victorian era
D. The current economic and social conditions

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
56. (p. 14) African American women and white women are most similar in the percentage of those who have: 
A. masturbated in the last year.
B. performed oral sex.
C. had two or more sexual partners in the last 12 months.
D. had abortions.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
57. (p. 14) According to the 2000 census, the ethnic groups with the lowest ratio of men to women in American society are the: 
A. non-Hispanic whites.
B. African Americans.
C. Latinos.
D. Asian Americans.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
58. (p. 14) Which of the following accounts for lower marriage rates among African Americans? 
A. The unequal ratio of men to women
B. The repressive culture as a legacy of the Victorian era
C. The greater incidence of same-sex sexual behavior
D. The higher rate of abortions than any other ethnic group

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
59. (p. 14) Which of the following is a reason for lower marriage rates among African Americans? 
A. There is unequal gender ratio among blacks, with men being the majority.
B. African American men face obstacles in finding gainful long-term employment.
C. Most African American women prefer not to get married.
D. African Americans are more concerned with building their careers than starting families.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
60. (p. 14) Which among the following is a Latino cultural value that emphasizes the importance of one's nuclear and extended family in matters such as support, loyalty, solidarity, and family honor? 
A. Lineage
B. Kinship
C. Familismo
D. Ancestry

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
61. (p. 14) Among Latinos, the cultural code in its extreme form means that men's sexual infidelities should be tolerated. This code is known as: 
A. adultery.
B. machismo.
C. marianismo.
D. modern values.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
62. (p. 14) The cultural code of machismo in the Latin American culture: 
A. includes an emphasis on male virginity until marriage.
B. mandates that the man be responsible for his family's well-being and honor.
C. advocates males' sexual exclusivity within marriage.
D. holds no significance among the newer generation of Latinos.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
63. (p. 14) In the traditional Latino culture, gender roles are epitomized by the concepts of machismo and marianismo, which: 
A. tolerate premarital sex for both men and women.
B. discourage premarital sex for both men and women.
C. tolerate premarital sex for men and discourage it for women.
D. discourage premarital sex for men and tolerate it for women.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
64. (p. 14) Among Latinos, the cultural code that emphasizes virginity and the importance of motherhood is: 
A. adultery.
B. machismo.
C. marianismo.
D. modern values.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
65. (p. 14) The traits of passivity, obedience, and weakness are most likely to be a part of the contemporary socialization of: 
A. Latin American males.
B. African American females.
C. Latin American females.
D. White American females.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
66. (p. 14) As part of a traditional Mexican family, Juanita knows that she must refrain from premarital sex. It would shame her family if she lost her virginity before she was married. This example illustrates the concept of _____ in Latino culture. 
A. marianismo
B. machismo
C. familismo
D. huo yin yang

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
67. (p. 14) The marriage rate and abortion rate among Latinos: 
A. is much greater than that of African Americans.
B. is greater than that of Asian Americans.
C. is approximately equal to that of whites.
D. is lesser than that of whites.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
68. (p. 14-15) Which among the following is a similarity between the Latin American and Asian American culture? 
A. Open expression of emotions among men and women is discouraged in both societies.
B. Men and women of both these cultures are considered to be promiscuous.
C. Family is given significant importance in both cultures.
D. Asian American women and Latino women have more sexual freedom than their male counterparts.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
69. (p. 14-15) The concept of family honor is particularly important to both: 
A. Asian Americans and African Americans.
B. African Americans and whites.
C. Latin Americans and Asian Americans.
D. African Americans and Latin Americans.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
70. (p. 15) Because of core values that include collectivism, conformity to norms, and emotional control, Asian Americans, as an ethnic group, tend to be the most _____ of the various ethnic groups in America. 
A. permissive
B. liberal
C. conservative
D. progressive

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
71. (p. 15) Which of the following is a core Asian value governing sexual behavior? 
A. Racism
B. Communism
C. Constructivism
D. Collectivism

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
72. (p. 15) David Chang, an Asian American, always tries to put the needs of others—especially those of his family—before his own. This illustrates the core Asian value of: 
A. collectivism.
B. hedonism.
C. romanticism.
D. liberalism.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
73. (p. 15) Which of the following is a core Asian value that affects the sexual expression of Asian Americans? 
A. Emotional unrestraint
B. Individualism
C. Conformity to norms
D. Sexual promiscuity

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
74. (p. 15) Which of the following examples illustrates a core value in Asian culture? 
A. A man who shows restraint in his expression of love and passion toward his wife.
B. A man who engages in sexual intercourse with multiple partners.
C. A woman who engages in an extramarital affair with a work colleague.
D. A woman who puts her own needs ahead of those of her family.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 
75. (p. 15) Which of the following groups have the lowest incidence of same-sex sexual behavior? 
A. The non-Hispanic whites
B. The African Americans
C. The Latinos
D. The Asian Americans

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
76. (p. 15) In which of the following racial or ethnic groups are the members most likely to terminate a pregnancy by abortion? 
A. The whites
B. The African Americans
C. The Latinas
D. The Asian Americans

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
77. (p. 15) Which of the following statements about American Indians is true? 
A. American Indian women have experienced a greater visibility in the popular media than men.
B. American Indian men have been historically portrayed in the popular media as sexless, violent savages.
C. American Indian women have been less visible in the popular media than men.
D. American Indians have generally been well-represented in most major national sex surveys.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
78. (p. 15) Cross-cultural studies of human sexual behavior show that: 
A. enormous variation in behavior exists across cultures.
B. there is virtually no variation in behavior across cultures.
C. variation in behavior across cultures can be attributed to differences in biological makeup.
D. variation in behavior can be explained by how modern the society is.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
79. (p. 15) China's severe overpopulation problem has led to a policy of permitting only one child per family. The survival of all Chinese is thought to rest on everyone's compliance with this policy. Which of the following attitudes, considered predominant among the Chinese, best explains the success of the one-child norm? 
A. A negative attitude toward the use of birth control
B. An acceptance of sex with multiple partners
C. An acceptance of homosexuality
D. An acceptance of abortion

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
80. (p. 16) Among the Chinese, _____ is the term used for sexual intercourse. 
A. yin fu
B. yan ju
C. huo yin yang
D. yin yang

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy

 
81. (p. 16) Of the three major religions of China, _____ is the only truly indigenous one and one of the few religions to advocate the cultivation of sexual techniques for the benefit of the individual. 
A. Dongbaism
B. Confucianism
C. Buddhism
D. Taoism

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
82. (p. 16) Historically, which of the following is true regarding sexual attitudes in China? 
A. Attitudes were strongly influenced by Christian-puritanism.
B. The Chinese have always condemned homosexuality.
C. Attitudes have been influenced by restrictive Taoist beliefs.
D. The liberal attitude turned puritanical under the neo-Confucianists.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
83. (p. 16) Since the founding of the People's Republic in China in 1949, attitudes and laws toward sexuality have predominantly demonstrated: 
A. tolerance of sexual expression in general.
B. repression of sexually-explicit materials.
C. tolerance for male homosexuality but not female homosexuality.
D. encouragement of sexual freedom and fulfillment only among married individuals.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
84. (p. 18) Cross-cultural studies of human sexual behavior have shown that: 
A. culture has a profound impact upon sexual expression.
B. human sexual behavior is primarily determined by biological makeup.
C. developed societies are regressing to a more conservative outlook on sexuality.
D. different societies are no longer distinguished by their unique sexual practices.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
85. (p. 18) Research on nonhuman species suggests that same-gender sexual behavior is: 
A. the predominant form of sexual interaction among nonhuman species.
B. found only in primates.
C. found in many species.
D. is nonexistent in all other species, apart from humans.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
86. (p. 18) Which of the following statements concerning cross-species perspectives on sexuality is true? 
A. Masturbation is absent in all mammalian species except humans.
B. Female masturbation is found among many species besides our own.
C. Sexual signaling is observed in animals but not humans.
D. Same-gender sexual attraction is a unique facet of sexual behavior in humans.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
87. (p. 18) Observations of other species indicate that our basic mammalian heritage is: 
A. composed of both heterosexual and homosexual elements.
B. composed exclusively of same-gender sexual behavior.
C. created by the expression of heterosexual tendencies alone.
D. noted to be asexual in nature as procreation does not require sexual intercourse.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
88. (p. 18) There are several species of mammals where the males often mount other males, and anal intercourse has been observed in some male primates. The most accurate explanation of this behavior is that: 
A. there is homosexual behavior among many species of mammals.
B. it is a reflection of the heterosexual tendencies of the members.
C. it is a consequence of a scarcity of females in the group.
D. it is a good example of clitoral aggression.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
89. (p. 18) A female "parades" in front of a group of males and then makes eye contact with one of them. Which of the following best describes this behavior by the female? 
A. The "caution" look
B. Sexual signaling
C. The "brush-off"
D. Phallic aggression

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
 
90. (p. 18) When interacting with males, the female patas monkey puffs out her cheeks and drools. This is an example of: 
A. sexual signaling.
B. phallic aggression.
C. marianismo.
D. incest taboo.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
91. (p. 18) Which of the following is the general trend observed in the sexual behavior of higher species? 
A. Males generally engage in sexual activity during estrus.
B. The environment has no influence in the sexual behavior of higher species.
C. Sexual behavior is completely controlled by the hormones.
D. Sexual behavior is controlled more by the brain than hormones.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
92. (p. 19) In virtually all mammalian species, females engage in sexual behavior: 
A. about once a week.
B. only when they are in "heat."
C. only when the male initiates it.
D. at regular intervals that are determined primarily by the availability of mature males.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
93. (p. 19) Studies have shown that monkeys raised in isolation fail to develop appropriate mating behaviors and are often incapable of reproducing. However, a similar deficit in the environment has no effect on the sexual capacity of mice. Which of the following statements would best explain the differential outcomes resulting from environmental deficit in monkeys and mice? 
A. Sexual activity is purely a function of biology in monkeys.
B. Monkeys are incapable of learning through observation of their environment.
C. Environmental influences play a stronger role in sexuality as species become more evolved.
D. For all higher species, sexual activity is limited to a natural mechanism of reflexes and hormones.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
94. (p. 19) The key difference in human female sexuality from that of other "lower" species is that: 
A. in nonhuman species, the females often have more than one sexual partner.
B. the females of nonhuman species attain sexual maturity late in their life cycles.
C. only females of the human species experience orgasm.
D. in nonhuman species, female sexual behavior is strongly controlled by hormones.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
95. (p. 20) An example of sexual behavior used for nonsexual purposes would be: 
A. a rapist using sex as an expression of power over a woman.
B. engaging in sexual activity as an end in itself.
C. renting a XXX movie on a Sunday afternoon for physical stimulation.
D. engaging in sexual intercourse only when the female is potentially fertile.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
96. (p. 20) Which of the following statements is true regarding sexual health? 
A. It is purely a social movement.
B. It exclusively promotes sexual physical health.
C. It involves positive sexual relationships.
D. Its prime focus is the management of sexual diseases.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
97. (p. 20) An example of a negative sexual right is the: 
A. freedom to express one's sexuality with same-gender partners.
B. freedom to experience sexual pleasure.
C. freedom from sexual abuse and violence.
D. right to reproductive self-determination.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
98. (p. 20) Freedom from all forms of discrimination based on sex, sexuality, or gender is an example of a(n) _____ sexual right. 
A. variable
B. negative
C. positive
D. affirmative

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
99. (p. 20) Which of the following is an example of a positive sexual right? 
A. Freedom to coerce a partner into nonconsensual sex
B. Freedom from physical abuse
C. Freedom from sexual abuse
D. Freedom to experience sexual pleasure

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
100. (p. 20) Identify an example of a positive sexual right. 
A. The right of a person to discriminate against others based on their sexual orientation.
B. The right of a man to have nonconsensual sex with a woman.
C. The right of a man to have consensual sex with his same-sex partner.
D. The right of a woman to be free of sexual abuse.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium

 

Short Answer Questions
 
101. (p. 2) What is meant by the terms sex and gender? Why are the differences between the two terms important? 
In this textbook, the term sex refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, while gender refers to the state of being male or female. It is important to make a distinction between these two terms, because sometimes the word sex is used in a very ambiguous manner. In certain cases, it may refer to the state of being male or female, while in other cases it may refer to sexual behavior or reproduction. Though a lot of this ambiguity can be done away with by taking into account the context in which the word is used, it can still cloud our thinking. Thus, sex and gender are made out to be two different but interrelated concepts.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
 
102. (p. 3-6) What were some of the similarities in studies between the early researchers who undertook the scientific study of sex? 
The scientific study of sex began in the nineteenth century and some of its early proponents were Oskar Hertwig, Sigmund Freud, Henry Havelock Ellis, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, and several others. Though all of these researchers contributed something unique to the understanding of sexuality, upon closer inspection, certain similarities can be found among them. Most evident is the fact that most of these researchers' works were conducted during the Victorian era—i.e., in a cultural context where norms about sexuality were extraordinarily rigid and oppressive. Also, each of these researchers had quite varied research interests in sexual beliefs and behavior. For example, while Richard von Krafft-Ebing focused on "pathological" sexuality, Oskar Hertwig contributed to understanding the biological aspects of sexuality. Lastly, the early researchers often let their own beliefs and values influence their areas of study. For example, it has been suggested that Magnus Hirschfeld's special interest in the study of homosexuality resulted from the fact that he himself was both homosexual and a transvestite. Also, Richard von Krafft-Ebing's works are considered to be lacking in objectivity.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard

 
103. (p. 6) What are the three types of media influence? Give an example of each. 
Communication theorists believe the media can have three types of influence. The first, called cultivation, refers to the notion that people begin to think that what they see on television and in other media really represents the mainstream of what happens in our culture. For example, the media's stereotyped depiction of persons from different cultures causes many people to attribute those same qualities to persons from these cultures in real life. The second influence, agenda-setting, refers to news reporters who select what to ignore and what to report, and within the stories they report, what to emphasize. A news channel which focuses more on celebrity gossip instead of stories that are actually newsworthy is an example of agenda-setting. The third influence is social learning, which involves viewers consciously or unconsciously imitating the behavior of models such as the characters on television, in movies, or in books. For example, a teenager may attempt to imitate a celebrity who is mostly in the public eye because of his or her notorious behavior.
Student examples may vary.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
104. (p. 7) In the context of human sexuality, what are the advantages and disadvantages of Internet use? 
According to research, nearly three-quarters of all U.S. homes with children have access to the Internet and exposure to sex on the Internet is rising rapidly. This is bound to have both positive and negative effects on sexual health. While certain websites, such as that for the American Social Health Association, provide excellent information about sexuality and promote sexual health, there are also several websites which provide incorrect information that can mislead individuals. Also, the Internet can be used as a hunting ground by sexual predators and pedophiles thereby endangering the safety of children and teenagers.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
105. (p. 9) Compare the various sexual perspectives and rituals in the societies of Inis Beag and Mangaia. 
Inis Beag, a small island off the coast of Ireland, and the South Pacific island of Mangaia represent two extremes in terms of sexual behavior. Inis Beag is considered to be one of the most sexually repressive societies in the world, while in Mangaia sex is an important aspect of their culture. Several comparisons can be drawn between these two societies.
On the island of Inis Beag, people seem to have no knowledge of a number of sexual activities and sex education is practically nonexistent, as parents shy away from discussing it with their children. In contrast, Mangaian boys and girls receive sexual instruction from older men and women at a very young age and the superincision ritual among boys is considered to be an initiation into manhood. Another area in which Inis Beag and Mangaia differ significantly is premarital sex. While premarital sex is practically unheard of in Inis Beag, in Mangaia parents encourage their daughters to have sexual experiences with several men. The average "nice" girl may have three or four successive boyfriends, while a boy may have up to ten or more girlfriends. Also, in Inis Beag, the concept of female orgasm is considered to be either non-existent or deviant. This of course is in sharp contrast to Mangaia, where all women learn how to have orgasms. These vast differences in the sexual behavior of the inhabitants of these islands highlight the varying cross cultural perspectives and attitudes on sexuality.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
 
106. (p. 14) How do the concepts of machismo and marianismo affect the sexual expression of Latin Americans? 
In traditional Latino culture, gender roles are epitomized in the concepts of machismo and marianismo. Literally, machismo means "maleness" or "virility" and mandates that the man must be responsible for the well-being and honor of his family. However, in its extreme form, it also means tolerating a man's sexual infidelities. Marianismo is the female counterpart of machismo and is derived from Roman Catholic worship of Mary, the virgin mother of Jesus. Thus, motherhood is highly valued and virginity until marriage is closely guarded. These gender roles have resulted in boys having more freedom and being encouraged in sexual exploits and girls having to be weak, passive, and obedient.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
107. (p. 13-15) Compare and explain the different abortion rates by racial/ethnic groups in the United States. 
Among the different racial/ethnic groups in the United States, Asian Americans have the highest rate of terminating conceptions by abortion when compared to whites, African Americans, and Latinos. This high rate can partly be explained by taking into account the fact that most Asians are not Christian, and hence are not bound by a religion that forbids abortion. Also, the perception that abortion is ethical may also be a result of a country's social scenario. For example, China's overpopulation problem has resulted in a one-child-per-family policy and so abortion is considered a reasonable back method for birth control in order to comply with the system. The Asian value system also fosters sexual conservatism. The importance given to conforming to family and societal expectations can be connected to the high abortion rate among Asian Americans.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
 
108. (p. 18-19) Describe some aspects of human sexuality that are unique to our species. 
The main difference between the sexual behavior of humans and that of lower species is that sexual behavior in humans tends to be controlled by the brain, and, by extension, learning and social context, while in lower species, sexual behavior is more hormonally controlled and instinctive. Aspects of human sexuality, such as masturbation, same-gender sexual behavior, sexual signaling, and orgasm have been found to exist among nonhuman species as well, and as such, there is little in human sexuality that is unique to humans alone.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium

 
109. (p. 19) Give three examples which highlight the use of sexual behavior for nonsexual purposes. 
The following are some examples which highlight the use of sexual behavior for nonsexual purposes:

An employee who uses sexual favors to climb up the corporate ladder
A student who uses sex as a way to gain popularity in school
An aspiring actor who uses the ‘casting couch' to get a break in Hollywood
Student answers may vary.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
 
110. (p. 20) Should same-sex marriages be made a basic sexual right? Why or why not? 
Student answers will vary. Answers could include information on the nature versus nurture debate, the impact on society, equal civil rights, discrimination, and the role of sexual health.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium