1.	Several vitamins become activated from their inactive precursor form called __________.	
A)	provitamins	
B)	covitamins	
C)	coenzymes	
D)	enzymes	

2.	The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins __________.	
A)	A, B, C, and D	
B)	A, B, C, and K	
C)	A, D, E, and K	
D)	A, C, D, and K	

3.	Sedentary adults require about 3.785 L (1 gal) of water each day to maintain optimal body functions.	
A)	2 pints	
B)	1 gallon	
C)	2 gallons	
D)	4 gallons	

4.	The bioavailability of minerals is largely affected by __________.	
A)	vitamin–water interaction	
B)	type of exercise	
C)	mineral–fiber interaction	
D)	mineral–water interaction	

5.	Cells that synthesize bone are called __________.	
A)	osteoclasts	
B)	osteoblasts	
C)	osteocams	
D)	osteosynthetic	

6.	The Dietary References Intakes (DRI) encompass all of the following standards except:	
A)	ESADDI	
B)	RDA	
C)	EAR	
D)	AI	

7.	When no RDA exists, the __________ values may be used to determine proper consumption levels.	
A)	UL	
B)	AI	
C)	EAR	
D)	ESADDI	

8.	The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects:	
A)	UL	
B)	AI	
C)	EAR	
D)	ESADDI	

9.	A highly chemically reactive atom, molecule, or molecular fragment that contains at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbital or valence shell is a/an __________.	
A)	antioxidant	
B)	coenzyme	
C)	free radical	
D)	hydroxyl	

10.	__________ comprises the yellow and yellow-orange pigment that give color to vegetables and fruits.	
A)	Chlorophyll	
B)	Anthocyanin	
C)	Carotene	
D)	Purine	

11.	Which of the following is a factor that influences the amount of water lost through sweating?	
A)	Water intake	
B)	Relative humidity	
C)	Time of day	
D)	Type of activity	

12.	Small amounts of water are lost directly from the skin's surface as __________.	
A)	urine	
B)	sweat	
C)	waterless vapor	
D)	insensible perspiration	

13.	Fluid located inside of the cells is known as __________.	
A)	intracellular fluid	
B)	extracellular fluid	
C)	plasma fluid	
D)	interstitial fluid	

14.	Differences in the relative percentage of total body water among individuals result largely from variations in __________.	
A)	body composition	
B)	race	
C)	ethnicity	
D)	age	

15.	The DASH diets is designed to __________.	
A)	help with weight loss	
B)	help gain muscle mass	
C)	reduce risk factors for renal disease	
D)	reduce hypertension	

16.	Some vitamins act as __________ that combine with a protein compound to accelerate chemical reactions.	
A)	coenzymes	
B)	cominerals	
C)	proenzymes	
D)	polypeptides	

17.	Which of the vitamins does the body readily excrete?	
A)	Vitamin D	
B)	Vitamin A	
C)	Vitamin E	
D)	Vitamin C	

18.	Recommended daily calcium intake for adults age 51 and older is __________ mg.	
A)	800	
B)	1200	
C)	1600	
D)	2000	

19.	As a result of exercise training, hemoglobin may become __________ in the blood.	
A)	deformed	
B)	more concentrated	
C)	larger	
D)	less concentrated	

20.	As a result of exercise training, the percentage of water in the intracellular compartment ___________.	
A)	becomes reduced	
B)	remains the same	
C)	increases	
D)	decreases	

21.	Risk factors for osteoporosis except:	
A)	cigarette smoking	
B)	sedentary lifestyle	
C)	early menopause	
D)	high carbohydrate diet	

22.	Compounds that give rigidity to bones and teeth are composed of __________.	
A)	potassium and calcium	
B)	phosphorous and iron	
C)	iron and calcium	
D)	phosphorus and calcium	

23.	Vitamin __________ promotes growth and mineralization of bones and increases calcium absorption.	
A)	A	
B)	D	
C)	C	
D)	K	

24.	__________ pose the greatest health risk if regularly consumed in excess.	
A)	Vitamins D and E	
B)	Vitamins A and D	
C)	Vitamins A and B-complex	
D)	Vitamins C and E	

25.	The amino acid homocysteine may increase stroke and heart attack risk by __________.	
A)	damaging the internal layer of arterial walls	
B)	decreasing the risk for blood clots	
C)	promoting the creation of vitamins that line the arterial wall	
D)	decreasing cholesterol levels	

26.	Vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene __________.	
A)	serve as protective antioxidant agents to blunt potential cellular damage from free radical attack	
B)	reduce the frequency and duration of fungal infections	
C)	facilitate energy metabolism during exercise	
D)	reduce the risk of osteoporosis	

27.	Which of the following is true regarding osteoporosis?	
A)	It afflicts between 5 and 10 million Americans.	
B)	It accounts for more than 4.5 million bone fractures yearly.	
C)	It represents a bone density value greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.	
D)	It coincides with the marked increase in estrogen production associated with menopause.	

28.	Hormone that conserves sodium via the kidneys.	
A)	Norepinephrine	
B)	Glucagon	
C)	Aldosterone	
D)	Antidiuretic hormone	

29.	Which of the following is classified as a trace (minor) mineral?	
A)	Potassium	
B)	Chromium	
C)	Sodium	
D)	Calcium	

30.	Calcium plays an important role in __________.	
A)	bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and nerve transmission	
B)	thyroid activity, blood clotting, and heart function	
C)	blood clotting and heart function	
D)	heart function and thyroid activity	

31.	The daily water intake requirement of a sedentary adult in a temperate climate equals about __________ L.	
A)	0.5	
B)	1.0	
C)	1.5	
D)	2.5	

32.	Prolonged cessation of the menstrual cycle contributes to __________.	
A)	loss of bone mass	
B)	gain in aerobic capacity	
C)	increase in plasma levels of estrogen	
D)	development of hypertension	

33.	Provitamins __________.	
A)	represent vitamin supplements advertised by professional athletes	
B)	facilitate the loss of water-soluble vitamins	
C)	represent vitamins in inactive form	
D)	represent precursors of water-soluble vitamins	

34.	The majority of body water is contained within the __________.	
A)	adipose tissue	
B)	intracellular compartment	
C)	interstitial space	
D)	extracellular compartment	

35.	Metabolic water represents the __________.	
A)	majority of a sedentary adult's daily water requirement	
B)	water contained in ingested foods	
C)	water required for the hydrolysis of food nutrients	
D)	water formed in the hydrolysis of food nutrients	

36.	Dietary iron deficiency may cause __________.	
A)	osteoporosis	
B)	sickle cell syndrome	
C)	anemia	
D)	decreased anaerobic exercise performance	

37.	Calcium __________.	
A)	forms bones and teeth when combined with phosphorous	
B)	is essential for blood clotting when combined with phosphorous	
C)	absorbs more readily with ingestion of vitamin E	
D)	increases skin cancer risk when deficient in the diet	

38.	Which of the following serve as structural components of hydrogen carrier molecules in glycolysis?	
A)	Vitamins C and E	
B)	Riboflavin and niacin	
C)	Vitamins A and D	
D)	Beta-carotene and vitamin K	

39.	Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis?	
A)	Being overweight	
B)	Cigarette smoking	
C)	Caucasian or Asian ethnicity	
D)	Frequent meat consumption	

40.	Cessation of the menstrual cycle for at least three consecutive months is called __________.	
A)	primary oligomenorrhea	
B)	eumenorrhea	
C)	secondary amenorrhea	
D)	menses	

41.	A true statement about free radicals and antioxidants.	
A)	A normal to above normal intake of vitamin E and beta-carotene may eliminate the progression of coronary artery narrowing and reduce heart attack risk.	
B)	Nutritive-reducing agents include vitamins D, C, and E, and beta-carotene, the vitamin A precursor.	
C)	Antioxidant scavenger enzymes include catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phosphofructokinase.	
D)	Antioxidants exert a destructive effect on the lipid components of the cell's plasma membrane.	

42.	The accumulation of potentially damaging free radicals is called __________.	
A)	oxidative stress	
B)	redox state	
C)	oxygenation enhancement	
D)	electron scavenging	

43.	Superoxide dismutase __________.	
A)	catalyzes the catabolism of lipids within muscle	
B)	catalyzes the conversion of free radicals to oxygen and water	
C)	inhibits mitochondrial oxygen uptake	
D)	facilitates oxygen transfer across the alveolar membrane	

44.	Which of the following statements is true?	
A)	Consuming a 1000-milligram vitamin C supplement daily for 6 weeks causes undesirable changes in cellular DNA.	
B)	Antioxidant vitamins protect the plasma membrane.	
C)	Vitamin E increases prostate cancer risk.	
D)	Vitamins increase damage to cellular constituents.	

45.	Foods or parts of foods that provide medical or health benefits are known as:	
A)	vitamins	
B)	minerals	
C)	oxidants	
D)	nutraceuticals	

46.	Vitamins play an important physiologic role related to __________.	
A)	fluid osmolality	
B)	metabolic reactions	
C)	temperature regulation	
D)	diffusion	

47.	Minerals __________.	
A)	regulate metabolism as part of enzymes and hormones	
B)	come mainly from animal dietary sources	
C)	occur in limited quantities in the plant kingdom	
D)	can catalyze metabolic reactions by themselves	

48.	Three sources that supply the body's water needs:	
A)	liquids, fruits, and vegetables	
B)	foods, fluids, and metabolism	
C)	fruits, liquids, and solids	
D)	lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates	

49.	Excess vitamin B6 intake __________.	
A)	can cause liver and nerve damage	
B)	has no known side effects	
C)	accelerates osteoporosis	
D)	stunts growth if accompanied by excessive vitamin B12 intake	

50.	Coenzymes __________.	
A)	activate lipid clearance from arterial walls	
B)	are inactive vitamin precursors	
C)	are composed of fat-soluble components	
D)	participate in chemical reactions	

51.	Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of vitamin B1 (thiamine).	
A)	Eijkman	
B)	Saltin	
C)	Bouchard	
D)	Asmussen	

52.	Women consuming vegetarian-type diets __________.	
A)	are at a higher risk for developing iron insufficiency	
B)	are at a lower risk for developing iron insufficiency	
C)	should decrease intake of vitamin C–rich foods	
D)	should consume fat-soluble vitamins to increase heme iron absorption	

53.	Maintaining a diet with recommended levels of vitamin C __________.	
A)	can raise serum uric acid levels and precipitate gout in people predisposed to this disease	
B)	reduces the risk for several types of cancer	
C)	reduces hypertension risk	
D)	decreases endurance exercise performance	

54.	__________ provides for the greatest loss of daily water.	
A)	Urine	
B)	Feces	
C)	Insensible perspiration	
D)	Pulmonary ventilation	

55.	Vitamin B1 __________.	
A)	facilitates pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA in carbohydrate breakdown	
B)	needs may be higher in physically active people	
C)	acts as a catalyst in glucose synthesis	
D)	serves as part of CoA that augments aerobic macronutrient breakdown	

56.	Which of the following represents a prudent, nonpharmacologic behavioral approach to treat athletic amenorrhea?	
A)	Reduce training level by 40% to 60%.	
B)	Gradually increase total energy intake.	
C)	Increase body weight by 10% to 15%.	
D)	Decrease daily calcium intake	

57.	Free radicals are produced by these environmental factors except:	
A)	cigarette smoke	
B)	exposure to cleaning supplies	
C)	environmental pollutants	
D)	heat and ionizing radiation	

58.	This diet lowers blood pressure:	
A)	low protein	
B)	mineral water	
C)	high sodium	
D)	DASH	

59.	Which of the following turns inactive enzymes into active form?	
A)	Vitamins	
B)	Minerals	
C)	Coenzymes	
D)	Trace minerals	

60.	Cortical bone represents the __________.	
A)	spongy, less dense, and relatively weaker bone found in the vertebrae and ball of the femur	
B)	bone cells destroyed by the body	
C)	bone cells created by the body	
D)	dense, hard outer layer of bone in the shafts of the long bones of the arms and legs	

61.	__________ represents a midway condition between normal bone mass and osteoporosis.	
A)	Osteomalacia	
B)	Osteofibrosis	
C)	Osteopenia	
D)	Osteochondrosis	

62.	Which of the following does not represent a risk for osteoporosis?	
A)	Being male	
B)	Slight build or tendency to be underweight	
C)	Sedentary lifestyle	
D)	Early menopause	

63.	The only vitamin not available in a vegan's diet is __________.	
A)	vitamin E	
B)	folic acid	
C)	ascorbic acid	
D)	vitamin B12	

64.	Components of the female athlete triad include all of the following except:	
A)	disordered eating	
B)	hypertension	
C)	amenorrhea	
D)	osteoporosis	

65.	Compared to fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins __________.	
A)	must be consumed regularly, usually daily or within a several-day period	
B)	can be routinely consumed in excess above the RDA without any health risk	
C)	are inorganic compounds	
D)	consist of vitamins A, D, E, and K	

66.	The majority of the body's iron is found in __________.	
A)	myoglobin	
B)	hemosiderin	
C)	hemoglobin	
D)	ferritin	

67.	Factors that contribute to female athlete triad include the following except:	
A)	amenorrhea	
B)	osteoporosis	
C)	disordered eating	
D)	dehydration	

68.	True or false? Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve and are stored in the body's fatty tissues so there is no need to consume them daily.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

69.	True or false? Consuming a true “fat-free” diet will not lead to the development of a fat-soluble vitamin insufficiency.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

70.	True or false? Children are more susceptible than adults to developing complications from consumption of excess fat-soluble vitamins.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

71.	True or false? Sweating, even during extreme physical activity, probably produces a negligible loss of water-soluble vitamins.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

72.	True or false? Most individuals require salt tablets to maintain adequate sodium levels.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

73.	True or false? Low-energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health are components of the female athlete triad.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

74.	True or false? Trabecular bone represents the spongy, less dense, and relatively weaker bone most prevalent in the vertebrae and ball of the femur.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

75.	True or false? Supplemental vitamin D can improve skeletal muscle function and muscular strength in frail vitamin D-insufficient individuals.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

76.	True or false? Physical activity can produce reactive oxygen from an electron leak in the mitochondria, probably at the cytochrome level, which produces superoxide radicals.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

77.	True or false? There is limited evidence to recommend for or against the use of multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

78.	True or false? A deficiency of the mineral zinc can result in growth failure.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

79.	True or false? The body manufactures just about all of the required vitamins.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

80.	True or false? Swimming is one of the best physical activities to promote bone health.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

81.	True or false? Approximately 100 to 200 milliliters of fluid are lost per day through water droplets in exhaled air.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

82.	True or false? Excessive intake of milk and milk products facilitates bone loss.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

83.	True or false? Pharmacologic approaches are considerably more effective than dietary approaches in treating borderline hypertension.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

84.	True or false? Sodium, potassium, and chlorine are collectively called erythrocytes.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

85.	True or false? Aldosterone is a hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve calcium.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

86.	True or false? Vitamin K occurs only in foods of animal origin.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

87.	True or false? Carotenes comprise the yellow and yellow-orange pigment precursors of vitamin A that give color to vegetables (carrots, squash, corn, and pumpkins) and fruits (apricots and peaches).	
A)	True	
B)	False	

88.	True or false? Trabecular bone represents the dense, hard outer layer of bone.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

89.	True or false? Plasma membrane damage occurs during oxidative stress during a chain reaction known as lipid peroxidation.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

90.	True or false? Micronutrients are molecules required in large amounts by the body and are a source of energy.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

91.	True or false? Potassium represents the chief extracellular mineral.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

92.	True or false? Heme iron is iron that is obtained from plant sources.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

93.	True or false? Sodium and chloride represents the chief extracellular minerals.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

94.	True or false? Vitamins A, C, and E represent “antioxidant” vitamins.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

95.	True or false? Weight-bearing exercise provides the most effective exercise mode for stimulating bone mass development.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

96.	True or false? Myoglobin aids in oxygen storage and transport within red blood cells.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

97.	True or false? Hemosiderin transports iron in the blood.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

98.	True or false? Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

99.	True or false? Vitamin supplementation above the RDA improves aerobic exercise performance.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

100.	True or false? Adequate mineral intake usually occurs when consuming a well-balanced diet.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

101.	True or false? Water makes up between 40% and 70% of the total body mass.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

102.	True or false? Water helps protect the heart, lungs, intestines, and eyes.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

103.	True or false? The loss of body water from profuse sweating has minimal consequences.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

104.	True or false? The body can synthesize all vitamins except vitamin E.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

105.	True or false? Calcium requirements are often not met.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

106.	True or false? Measuring serum ferritin concentrations provides useful information about iron reserves.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

107.	True or false? Extracellular water volume exceeds intracellular water volume.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

108.	True or false? Each pound of weight lost during exercise is equal to a 750-milliliter fluid loss.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

109.	True or false? Vitamins A and D, niacin, and folic acid become activated from their inactive precursor or provitamin form.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

110.	True or false? Men are immune to developing osteoporosis because of sex differences in bone structure.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

111.	True or false? Rich sources of folic acid (folate) include enriched whole-wheat products, legumes, green vegetables, meat, eggs, milk products, and liver.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

112.	True or false? Free radicals facilitate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol oxidation, thus accelerating atherosclerosis.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

113.	True or false? Researchers from the National Eye Institute found that those with a high intake of lutein and zeaxanthin have a lower risk for macular degeneration.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

114.	True or false? A free radical is a highly reactive atom with an unpaired electron.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

115.	True or false? Daily consumption of excess fat-soluble vitamins can produce serious toxic effects.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

116.	True or false? Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that makes tomatoes red and has been linked to reduced heart disease and cancer risk.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

117.	True or false? From a survival perspective, food is of greater importance than water.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

118.	True or false? Hydrogen and oxygen bond to form cohydrates when food molecules catabolize for energy.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

119.	True or false? Because it is readily compressible, water gives structure and form to the body through the turgor provided for body tissues.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

120.	True or false? Consuming recommended amounts of folate supports fetal nervous system development in early stages of pregnancy.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

121.	True or false? Depletion of the body's sodium content to critical levels creates a condition termed hypocalemia.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

122.	True or false? The hormone aldosterone acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

123.	True or false? The chief intracellular mineral is calcium.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

124.	True or false? A compound with some similarities to hemoglobin that aids in oxygen storage and transport within the muscle cell is myoglobin.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

125.	True or false? Maintaining a diet with appropriate amounts of antioxidants decreases the risk for heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cataracts, premature aging, and some cancer.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

Answer Key

1.	A	
2.	C	
3.	B	
4.	C	
5.	B	
6.	A	
7.	B	
8.	A	
9.	C	
10.	C	
11.	B	
12.	D	
13.	A	
14.	A	
15.	D	
16.	A	
17.	D	
18.	B	
19.	D	
20.	C	
21.	D	
22.	D	
23.	B	
24.	B	
25.	A	
26.	A	
27.	C	
28.	C	
29.	B	
30.	A	
31.	D	
32.	A	
33.	C	
34.	B	
35.	D	
36.	C	
37.	A	
38.	B	
39.	A	
40.	C	
41.	C	
42.	A	
43.	B	
44.	B	
45.	D	
46.	B	
47.	A	
48.	B	
49.	B	
50.	D	
51.	A	
52.	A	
53.	B	
54.	A	
55.	A	
56.	B	
57.	B	
58.	D	
59.	C	
60.	D	
61.	C	
62.	A	
63.	D	
64.	B	
65.	A	
66.	C	
67.	D	
68.	A	
69.	B	
70.	A	
71.	A	
72.	B	
73.	A	
74.	A	
75.	A	
76.	A	
77.	A	
78.	A	
79.	B	
80.	B	
81.	B	
82.	B	
83.	B	
84.	B	
85.	B	
86.	B	
87.	A	
88.	B	
89.	A	
90.	B	
91.	B	
92.	B	
93.	A	
94.	A	
95.	A	
96.	B	
97.	B	
98.	A	
99.	B	
100.	A	
101.	A	
102.	A	
103.	B	
104.	B	
105.	A	
106.	A	
107.	B	
108.	B	
109.	A	
110.	B	
111.	A	
112.	A	
113.	A	
114.	A	
115.	A	
116.	A	
117.	B	
118.	B	
119.	B	
120.	A	
121.	B	
122.	A	
123.	B	
124.	A	
125.	A