Chapter 02
Where to Start

Multiple Choice Questions
 
1. Neda is a student researcher just starting out; which of the following is NOT a source of an idea for research? 
A. common assumptions
B. past research
C. practical problems she shares with her peers
D. scientific theories

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-01 Where Do Research Ideas Come From?
 
2. Which of the following statements best represents a hypothesis? 
A. "Attractive defendants will receive lower ratings of guilt than unattractive defendants."
B. "Grocery stores sell more ice cream during the summer than during the winter."
C. "Amount of time spent studying and test performance are related."
D. "Extraverts are more successful as sales people than are introverts."

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions

3. A prediction is best represented by which of the following statements? 
A. "Female defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than male defendants."
B. "Gender and judgments of criminal behaviour are related."
C. "Ratings of social desirability vary according to gender."
D. "Cats and dogs differ in their responses to loud noises."

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
4. Which one of the following would NOT be found in the introduction of a research report? 
A. A review of an existing theory relevant to the research
B. A prediction about the results
C. A summary of past research
D. A description of how participants were selected and assigned to groups

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-03 Summarize what information is included in each section of a research article, including the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
5. Michael Lynn's study on tipping behavior in restaurants and hotels, described in the text, was designed to determine whether factors such as posture and communication influence tips left by customers. The idea for his study was based on 
A. past research.
B. common sense.
C. a theory.
D. everyday problem.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-03 Observation of the World around Us

6. Kris is working on a new project. Based on the research of Roger Buehler et al., Kris is _____. 
A. likely to overestimate how long a project will take when it involves only a few steps
B. likely to underestimate how long a project will take when it involves only a few steps
C. likely to overestimate how long a project will take when it involves many steps
D. likely to underestimate how long a project will take when it involves many steps

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-03 Observation of the World around Us
 
7. Research articles formatted in APA are comprised of the following sections in which order? 
A. abstract, method, introduction, results, discussion, references.
B. abstract, introduction, method, discussion, results, references.
C. abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references.
D. abstract, method, introduction, discussion, results, references.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
8. Which one of the following would not always be found when you search the PsycINFO abstracting system? 
A. Author and title of journal article
B. Journal reference
C. Complete article
D. Brief description of contents

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles

9. Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do in order to find prior research on a specific topic? 
A. Look in the published Psychological Abstracts
B. Conduct a computer search with PsycINFO
C. Consult Psychological Bulletin
D. Randomly select a psychological journal and search the table of contents for the topic

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles
 
10. A(n) _______ consists of a system of logical ideas proposed to explain a particular topic or phenomenon. 
A. hypothesis
B. inquisition
C. distinction
D. theory

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories
 
11. Which one of the following statements would be appropriate for the discussion section of a research report? 
A. The present findings suggest that evaluation of the seriousness of an alcohol-related crash may be influenced by the severity of the injuries received by the victim.
B. The participants read an account of an alcohol-related crash in which a victim received mild or severe injuries.
C. Drivers who had consumed alcohol had their license suspended an average of six months compared to one month for those who had consumed coffee.
D. The average age of participants was 18.7 years.

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Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

12. A(n) ______ is a statement about the expected relationship between variables. A(n) ______ is a statement about the outcome of a particular experiment. 
A. prediction; hypothesis
B. hypothesis; prediction
C. educated guess; law
D. law; educated guess

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
13. A hypothesis is a 
A. prediction of results.
B. a statement about a phenomenon that may or may not be true.
C. fact.
D. small research report.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
14. What principle that states that "where multiple theories can explain observed results, the best theory to adopt is the simplest one"? 
A. Natural selection
B. Regression
C. Falsifiability
D. Parsimony

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories

15. The scientific meaning of the term "theory" is 
A. essentially the same as a hypothesis.
B. valid only if the theory can be proven.
C. grounded in actual data from prior research.
D. "just an idea."

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories
 
16. The statement "Females will report greater incidences of sexual harassment than will males" is an example of a ______, while the statement "Reported incidences of sexual harassment will vary according to gender" is an example of a ________. 
A. hypothesis; prediction
B. prediction; hypothesis
C. guess; rule
D. rule; guess

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
17. The statement "Punishment will be harsher for drunk drivers who cause serious injuries than for drivers who cause mild injuries" is an example of a 
A. rule.
B. prediction.
C. hypothesis.
D. question.

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions

18. A theory 
A. generates new knowledge by guiding our observations to discover new aspects of behaviour.
B. is proven after many studies support its predictions.
C. is an established fact after being confirmed at least 100 times.
D. categorizes data into distinct groups.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories
 
19. A scientist should consider a hypothesis to be supported if 
A. observed data are consistent with the hypothesis.
B. there is a general belief that the hypothesis is probably correct.
C. it is not possible to falsify the hypothesis.
D. they receive financial support for research to be conducted into the hypothesis.

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
20. A major problem with using Internet search engines such as Google as a method of obtaining research information is 
A. they are difficult to use.
B. it does not allow you to limit your search to peer reviewed articles.
C. it is too expensive to use.
D. they include online discussions and book reviews.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles

21. When the results of an experiment are consistent with a prediction developed from a theory, we conclude that the theory is 
A. proven true.
B. supported by the results.
C. less likely to be true.
D. neither supported nor challenged by the results.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories
 
22. In which section of a research article would a reader find a brief summary of the article? 
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Method
D. Results

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
23. Which section of the research article summarizes the hypothesis, the procedure, and results usually in 120 words or less? 
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Method
D. Results

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

24. In which section of a research article would a reader find a description of what was done in the past and why the present study is being conducted? 
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Method
D. Results

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
25. In which section of a research article would a reader find a description of the findings using statistical language? 
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Method
D. Results

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
26. The following could be an excerpt from a scientific article. From which section is it most likely to have been derived? "Patients (N = 328) were selected from 10 different hospice centers located within the Greater Toronto Area. Participants ranged in age from 50 to 78, and were 58% female. They identified their ethnicity as Caucasian (79%), Pacific Rim (6%), Aboriginal (5%), African descent (2%), or other or unknown (8%). 
A. Introduction
B. Results
C. Method
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

27. Why is it inadvisable to use Wikipedia as the only source of information when conducting a review of the scientific literature? 
A. Most of the contents of Wikipedia are factually incorrect.
B. Wikipedia is not intended nor considered a credible source for academic research.
C. None of the articles written in Wikipedia contain enough depth of information to be of interest to scientific researchers.
D. The primary goal of Wikipedia is to be a source of entertainment, and not a source of information.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles
 
28. Because of tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis, the city council surveys residents for suggestions on how to improve police-community relations. This example best illustrates _____ as a source of research ideas. 
A. observation of the world around us
B. theories
C. past research
D. practical problems

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-04 Practical Problems

29. As Joan becomes familiar with the literature examining the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior, she notes inconsistencies in the results. She concludes that this area of study needs to be further investigated. This example best represents ______ as a source of ideas for research. 
A. observation of the world around us
B. theories
C. practical problems
D. past research

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories
 
30. At the beginning of any research project, it is necessary to explore thoroughly prior research on the topic of interest because 
A. one should never replicate another study.
B. using someone else's research methods is plagiarism.
C. prior findings are useful for clarifying and generating research ideas.
D. it is unethical for researchers to begin work in a new field without first publishing a related review article.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-06 Past Research
 
31. Which of the following is NOT a reason to replicate a study? 
A. The researcher may have a better (and alternative) explanation for existing results.
B. The researcher may want to propose a new theory to account for existing results and spur new ideas.
C. The researcher might use what is known about one research area to inform what is known about another area.
D. All researchers have to replicate a study before they can conduct original research.

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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-06 Past Research

32. Taylor is planning to research a topic of interest; which of the following is NOT the way for Taylor to proceed with his research? 
A. Investigating past research will help him to revise his original question.
B. Investigating past research will help him to clarify the research idea.
C. Investigating past research will help him in his everyday life when evaluating research reported in the media.
D. Investigating past research is not helpful, and as each problem and situation is different.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-07 How Do We Find Out What Is Already Known?
 
33. To find out how many authors have cited a particular article in the years since it was published, you would consult 
A. Psychological Abstracts.
B. Wikipedia.
C. Pubmed.
D. Web of Science.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles
 
34. A researcher makes the statement, "Breed of dog and ability to learn guide dog skills are related." This statement is called a 
A. hypothesis.
B. prediction.
C. question.
D. moral judgment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions

35. A researcher designs a study to examine the relationship between gender and time spent talking in a group. The researcher states, "In a balanced mixed gender group, males will talk more than females." This is an example of a 
A. hypothesis.
B. prediction.
C. question.
D. moral judgment.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
36. Hypotheses are scientifically meaningful only if they can be 
A. supported.
B. falsified through scientific means.
C. repeated in multiple studies.
D. cited by other researchers.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
37. Which section of a research article includes a description of past research and theories relevant to the study, and the hypothesis? 
A. Introduction
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

38. Which section of a research article includes a description of exactly how the study was conducted? 
A. Introduction
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
39. Which section of a research article includes the strengths and limitations of a study? 
A. Introduction
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
40. In which section of a research article would a reader find an explanation for the findings? 
A. Introduction
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

41. Victor has written a section of a research report that shows how past research and theory are connected to the current research problem and expected results. Victor has most likely written the _____ section. 
A. introduction
B. method
C. results
D. discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
42. Juan has written a section of a research report that describes who participated in the research along with a description of how the study was conducted. Juan has most likely written the _____ section. 
A. introduction
B. method
C. results
D. discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
43. Kathy has written a section of a research report in which she explains the possible reasons for results in her study and suggestions for practical applications of the research and future research ideas. Kathy has most likely written the _____ section. 
A. introduction
B. method
C. results
D. discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

44. In which section of the research report would you describe the practical application of the experiment's results? 
A. Introduction
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
45. In which section of the research report would you find citations? 
A. References
B. Method
C. Results
D. Discussion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
46. How are citations listed? 
A. alphabetically: by the last name of the article's first author
B. Alphabetically: by the first name of the article's first author
C. numerically: by year the article was written
D. numerically: by year the article was last edited

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article

47. A literature review _____. 
A. uses narrative techniques to summarize the research using words and statistical data
B. uses narrative techniques to summarize the research using words only
C. uses statistical techniques to summarize the research
D. uses statistical techniques only to summarize past data

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-03 Summarize what information is included in each section of a research article, including the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.
Topic: 02-09 Other Types of Articles: Literature Reviews and Meta-analyses
 
48. A meta-analysis _____. 
A. uses narrative techniques to summarize the research using words and statistical data
B. uses narrative techniques to summarize the research using words only
C. uses statistical techniques to summarize the research
D. uses statistical techniques only to re-analyze past data

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-03 Summarize what information is included in each section of a research article, including the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.
Topic: 02-09 Other Types of Articles: Literature Reviews and Meta-analyses
 
49. When reading an article, it is best to ___. 
A. read every section in order.
B. read the discussion first, and then skim the article.
C. read the results first, and then skim the article.
D. read the abstract first, and then skim the article.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-03 Summarize what information is included in each section of a research article, including the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.
Topic: 02-10 Reading Articles

50. When an interesting discovery, such as Pavlov's phenomenon of classical conditioning, is a result of an accident or luck, this finding can be attributed to 
A. directive research.
B. purposeful research.
C. serendipity.
D. inquisition.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-03 Observation of the World around Us
 
51. Testing common sense ideas 
A. are of little value because it consists of things we already know are true.
B. results in no new knowledge.
C. should only be done if a theory has been developed.
D. is valuable because such notions often turn out to be incorrect.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-02 Questioning Common Assumptions
 
52. When replicating the finding that people tend to be attracted to others similar to themselves, researchers found that Japanese participants 
A. did not show the same preference for similar people over those who are different from them.
B. showed the same preference for similar people over those who are different from them.
C. showed the same preference for similar people over those who are different from them only in the workplace.
D. did not show the same preference for similar people over those who are different from them only in social settings.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe different sources of ideas for research, including questioning common assumptions, observations of the world, practical problems, scientific theories, and past research.
Topic: 02-02 Questioning Common Assumptions

53. Which one of the following statements would be appropriate for the results section of a research report? 
A. The difference between social desirability ratings of attractive versus unattractive individuals may be explained by the Cognitive Consistency Theory.
B. Past research suggests that differences exist in ratings of social desirability assigned to attractive versus unattractive individuals.
C. The average social desirability rating for attractive individuals was 6.4; however, the average rating for unattractive individuals was 3.2.
D. Future research should examine the effect of attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article
 
54. Which of the following is NOT true of theories? 
A. It is sometimes necessary to modify a theory.
B. Theories help generate new knowledge.
C. Theories help organize and explain a variety of facts.
D. If a large number of studies provide support for the hypothesis, the theory is proven, and facts are established.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-05 Theories

55. If the prediction "participants who consume alcohol will score lower on a reaction time test than participants who do not consume alcohol" is confirmed, we can say the hypothesis is _______. 
A. proven
B. supported
C. undecided
D. ambiguous

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-05 Discuss how theories, research hypotheses, and predictions are related.
Topic: 02-12 Developing Hypotheses and Predictions
 
56. Suppose you are conducting a literature search for articles about the relationship between right/left hand dominance and creativity. You find an article that is directly relevant to your topic. Which one of the following reference tools would you use to find other articles that cite your original article? 
A. Psychological Abstracts
B. Wikipedia
C. Web of Science
D. PsycINFO

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles
 
57. The American Psychological Association computer database that stores the contents of Psychological Abstracts is 
A. PsycINFO.
B. Psychological Abstracts.
C. Web of Science.
D. Pubmed.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 02-04 Compare and contrast different ways to find past research.
Topic: 02-11 Where Are These Articles Published? An Orientation to Journals and Finding Articles

58. Which one of the following statements would be appropriate for the method section of a research report? 
A. Past research shows men generally talk more than women.
B. For men, the average time talking was 10.7 minutes while for women the average was 7.4 minutes.
C. While the three men and three women discussed the issue, the experimenter measured time spent talking by starting and stopping stopwatches.
D. Contrary to popular belief, in groups of mixed gender, men talk more than women, interrupt more than women, and are more likely to direct discussion topics.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 02-02 Identify the two functions of a theory.
Topic: 02-08 What to Expect in a Research Article