Chapter 1: Psychology as a Science

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	The term psychology comes from the Greek words psyche, meaning ____, and logos, meaning ____.
a.	mind; body	c.	character; body	
b.	mind; study	d.	character; study	

ANS:	B
The term psychology comes from the Greek words psyche, meaning “mind,” and logos, meaning “study.”

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1a	MSC:	Factual

	2.	____ is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
a.	Psychiatry	c.	Psychobiology	
b.	Psychology	d.	Psycholinguistics	

ANS:	B
In its broadest sense, psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1a	MSC:	Factual

	3.	The year is 1879, and you are on your way to Germany to study at the first institute for research in experimental psychology. Which professor do you hope to study with at the University of Leipzig?
a.	Wilhelm Wundt	c.	Viktor Henri	
b.	Carl Jung	d.	Hugo Munsterberg	

ANS:	A
In 1879, Wundt established the first institute for research in experimental psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	4.	Who is identified by most historians as the “world’s first psychologist”?
a.	Sigmund Freud	c.	James Watson	
b.	William James	d.	Wilhelm Wundt	

ANS:	D
Most historians identify Wilhelm Wundt as the “world’s first psychologist.”

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	5.	You and several of your colleagues were stuck in an elevator for several hours. Later, sitting around the conference table, each of you begin to describe in detail your feelings and fears about the ordeal. What technique are you most likely using?
a.	Sensory adaptation	c.	Consciousness	
b.	Introspection	d.	Pragmatic examination	

ANS:	B
Wundt’s research focused on the study of consciousness, and his method for studying the mind was known as introspection, a research technique in which trained observers would report on the contents of their own immediate states of consciousness.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Applied

	6.	What method was used by structuralists to understand conscious experiences?
a.	Experimentation	c.	Introspection	
b.	Perception	d.	Intuition	

ANS:	C
Wundt’s research focused on the study of consciousness, and his method for studying the mind was known as introspection, a research technique in which trained observers would report on the contents of their own immediate states of consciousness. His model of consciousness, which his student Edward Titchener later named structuralism, sought to identify the components of the conscious mind.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	7.	Edward Titchener renamed Wundt’s model of consciousness as ____.
a.	structuralism	c.	introspection	
b.	functionalism	d.	logical positivism	

ANS:	A
Wundt’s model of consciousness, which his student Edward Titchener later named structuralism, sought to identify the components of the conscious mind.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	8.	What is structuralism?
a.	Theory that sought to identify the components of the conscious mind	
b.	Theory that sought to identify the structures of the brain	
c.	Theory that sought to identify the factors implicated in the unconscious mind	
d.	Theory that sought to identify the organization and mapping of the brain	

ANS:	A
Structuralism sought to identify the components of the conscious mind.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	9.	Who, among the following, is most associated with functionalism?
a.	William James	c.	James McKeen	
b.	G. Stanley Hall	d.	Karen Horney	

ANS:	A
William James’s approach to psychology came to be called functionalism.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	10.	William James did not embrace the approach of identifying the mind’s components. What was James’s desire?
a.	To scientifically study observable behavior	
b.	To understand how the mind affects what people feel	
c.	To understand how the mind organizes stimuli into coherent wholes	
d.	To understand how the mind affects what people do	

ANS:	D
Although both James and Wundt studied consciousness, James’s desire was to understand how the mind affects what people do rather than to merely identify its components.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	11.	Which approach to psychology studies how the conscious mind helps humans survive and successfully adapt to their environment?
a.	Functionalism	c.	Behaviorism	
b.	Analysis	d.	Structuralism	

ANS:	A
Because of James’s interest in how the conscious mind helps humans survive and successfully adapt to their environment—that is, how the mind functions—his approach to psychology came to be called functionalism.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	12.	Identify the method used by Sigmund Freud to develop his approach to psychology.
a.	Observation	c.	Teaching	
b.	Clinical practice	d.	Survey research	

ANS:	B
Freud developed his approach to psychology through clinical practice.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	13.	Why was Freud’s theory in sharp contrast to the theories of Wundt and James?
a.	Freud’s theory was based on the components of the conscious mind.	
b.	Freud’s theory was based on observable behaviors.	
c.	Freud’s theory was based on unconscious motives and sexual desires.	
d.	Freud’s theory was based on the influence of biological determinants.	

ANS:	C
Based on his work with patients who suffered from ailments that had no known physical causes, Freud developed a theory that all human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires that are sexual in nature.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	14.	You tell your friend that you are having recurring dreams about falling off a cliff. Your friends are most likely to suggest that you visit which of the following individuals to understand the meaning of this dream?
a.	A psychoanalyst	c.	An evolutionist	
b.	A behaviorist	d.	A Gestaltist	

ANS:	A
The approach to psychology, which Freud called psychoanalysis, influenced the study of such diverse topics as dreams, childhood development, aggression, sexuality, creativity, motivation, personality, and psychotherapy.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Applied

	15.	Which approach to psychology studies how the unconscious mind shapes behavior?
a.	Psychoanalysis	c.	Pragmatism	
b.	Behaviorism	d.	Introspection	

ANS:	A
Freud developed a theory that all human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires that are sexual in nature. This approach was called psychoanalysis.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	16.	A psychologist who is mainly interested in a person’s observable behavior, rather than the person’s mental processes, is a ____.
a.	psychoanalytic	c.	structuralist	
b.	behaviorist	d.	Gestaltist	

ANS:	B
Behaviorism: John Watson asserted that psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	17.	According to John Watson, which of the following would be a proper study of psychology?
a.	Dreams	c.	Imagery	
b.	Playing in the park	d.	Introspection	

ANS:	B
John Watson (1913) asserted that psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Applied

	18.	What is the theoretical goal of psychology according to early behaviorists?
a.	Prediction and control of behavior	
b.	Analyzing the structure, content, and function of the mind	
c.	Identifying the complex components of the conscious mind	
d.	Defining the behavioral differences between man and animal responses	

ANS:	A
Early behaviorists: These “new” psychologists sought to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Conceptual

	19.	Which approach to psychology dominated North America from 1920s through 1950s?
a.	Existentialism	c.	Structuralism	
b.	Behaviorism	d.	Pragmatic examination	

ANS:	B
Behaviorism dominated psychology in North America from the 1920s through the 1950s.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	20.	Who is regarded as the first American psychologist to exert a guiding influence on psychology?
a.	Sigmund Freud	c.	John Watson	
b.	William James	d.	Mary Calkins	

ANS:	B
Beyond Europe’s shores, in the United States, the first American psychologist to exert a guiding influence on the young science of psychology was William James (1842–1910).

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	21.	What was William James’ approach to psychology?
a.	Lab studies	c.	Case studies	
b.	Clinical research	d.	Own ideas and eloquent writing	

ANS:	D
William James’ approach to psychology had very little to do with laboratory studies and, instead, relied heavily on his own rich ideas and eloquent writing.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	22.	Robert Woodworth and Edward Thorndike were students of ____.
a.	William Dement	c.	Sigmund Freud	
b.	William James	d.	Wilhelm Wundt	

ANS:	B
Unlike Wundt, James had a relatively small group of students, but among them were such luminaries as Mary Calkins (1863–1930, pioneer in memory research), Edward Thorndike (1874–1949, investigated trial-and-error animal learning), and Robert Woodworth (1869–1962, pioneer in motivation and drive theory).

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	23.	Mary Calkins is considered a pioneer in ____.
a.	functionalism	c.	trial-and-error animal research	
b.	motivation and drive theory	d.	memory research	

ANS:	D
Unlike Wundt, James had a relatively small group of students, but among them were such luminaries as Mary Calkins (1863–1930, pioneer in memory research), Edward Thorndike (1874–1949, investigated trial-and-error animal learning), and Robert Woodworth (1869–1962, pioneer in motivation and drive theory).

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	24.	Mary Calkins was a student of ____.
a.	William James	c.	Sigmund Freud	
b.	William Dement	d.	Wilhelm Wundt	

ANS:	A
Unlike Wundt, James had a relatively small group of students, but among them were such luminaries as Mary Calkins (1863–1930, pioneer in memory research), Edward Thorndike (1874–1949, investigated trial-and-error animal learning), and Robert Woodworth (1869–1962, pioneer in motivation and drive theory).

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	25.	From what country was Sigmund Freud?
a.	Belgium	c.	Austria	
b.	Germany	d.	England	

ANS:	C
The third prominent founder of psychology was Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), an Austrian physician trained as a neurologist.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	26.	Sigmund Freud was actually not a psychologist. In which of the following did he formally receive training?
a.	Neurology	c.	Pharmacy	
b.	Psychiatry	d.	Radiology	

ANS:	A
The third prominent founder of psychology was Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), an Austrian physician trained as a neurologist.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	27.	“All human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires that are sexual in nature.” Who proposed this concept?
a.	William Dement	c.	William James	
b.	Wilhelm Wundt	d.	Sigmund Freud	

ANS:	D
Based on his work with patients who suffered from ailments that had no known physical causes, Freud developed a theory that all human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires that are sexual in nature.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	28.	What was John Watson’s approach to psychology?
a.	Functionalism	c.	Psychoanalysis	
b.	Behaviorism	d.	Clinical studies	

ANS:	B
Just as psychoanalysis is closely associated with Sigmund Freud, so is behaviorism intimately intertwined with John Watson.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	29.	Which psychological approach was questioned by John Watson?
a.	The structure, content, and function of the mind are the proper focus of scientific inquiry.	
b.	Psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes.	
c.	Experimenting is the only way to study behavior.	
d.	All of the above	

ANS:	A
John Watson’s research with rats, dogs, and other animals caused him to question the mainstream psychology view that the structure, content, and function of the mind are the proper focus of scientific inquiry.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	30.	Which of the following was John Watson’s assertion?
a.	Psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes.	
b.	The structure, content, and function of the mind are the proper focus of scientific inquiry.	
c.	Experimenting would answer many questions in psychology.	
d.	Understanding the human body would help in understanding the human mind.	

ANS:	A
Watson (1913) asserted that psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	31.	Which was the philosophy that formed the basis for behaviorism?
a.	Logical positivism	c.	Psychoanalysis	
b.	Model of consciousness	d.	Scientific inquiry	

ANS:	A
Underlying behaviorism was a philosophy known as logical positivism, which contended that all knowledge should be expressed in terms that can be verified empirically or through direct observation.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	32.	____ contended that all knowledge should be expressed in terms that can be verified empirically or through direct observation.
a.	Model of consciousness	c.	Psychoanalysis	
b.	Logical positivism	d.	Scientific inquiry	

ANS:	B
Underlying behaviorism was a philosophy known as logical positivism, which contended that all knowledge should be expressed in terms that can be verified empirically or through direct observation.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1b	MSC:	Factual

	33.	The year is 1895, and you have just defended your doctoral dissertation at Harvard. It was hailed as “the most brilliant examination for the Ph.D. that we have had at Harvard,” but you were not awarded your Ph.D. Who are you?
a.	Mary Calkins	c.	Barbel Inhelder	
b.	Jean Piaget	d.	Margaret Washburn	

ANS:	A
A good example of the prejudice and discrimination faced by women is the career of Mary Calkins, who completed all requirements for a Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1895. William James described her dissertation defense as “the most brilliant examination for the Ph.D. that we have had at Harvard.” Yet, despite a unanimous recommendation by James and her other professors, Calkins’s doctorate was denied because the university did not grant degrees to women.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	34.	Why was Mary Calkins not given her Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard when she defended her dissertation in 1895?
a.	Unknown at the time, she had not completed all of her required course work.	
b.	Mary Calkins received her Ph.D. from Harvard in education, not psychology.	
c.	She wanted her Ph.D. from Harvard’s sister college, Radcliffe.	
d.	Harvard did not grant degrees to women at that time.	

ANS:	D
Despite a unanimous recommendation by James and her other professors, Calkins’s doctorate was denied because the university did not grant degrees to women.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	35.	Which of the following women established one of the first psychology labs in the U.S., pioneered research in short-term memory, and in 1905 became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association?
a.	Margaret Washburn	c.	Mamie Phipps Clark	
b.	Barbel Inhelder	d.	Mary Calkins	

ANS:	D
Pursuing the few career paths open to her, Calkins became a non-Ph.D. professor at all-female Wellesley College. There, she established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States, pioneered research in short-term memory, and in 1905 became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	36.	Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?
a.	Inez Prosser	c.	Mamie Phipps Clark	
b.	Gilbert Jones	d.	Kenneth Clark	

ANS:	B
The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was Gilbert Jones, who obtained his degree from the University of Jena in Germany in 1901.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	37.	Whose research provided the scientific justification for the U.S. Supreme Court to end the practice of racially segregated education in the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision?
a.	Edward and Helen Brown	c.	Inez Prosser and Jean Piaget	
b.	Mamie and Kenneth Clark	d.	Mary Calkins and Margaret Washburn	

ANS:	B
In the field of social psychology, Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark’s groundbreaking research in the 1930s and 1940s on the self-concept of Black children provided the scientific justification for the U.S. Supreme Court to end the practice of racially segregated education.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	38.	Who was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?
a.	Gilbert Jones	c.	Robert Scott	
b.	William James	d.	Kenneth Clark	

ANS:	D
In 1971, Kenneth Clark became the first African American elected president of the American Psychological Association.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	39.	Although significantly altered, which of the five early schools of psychology have survived as contemporary perspectives?
a.	Psychoanalysis and behaviorism	c.	Behaviorism and functionalism	
b.	Gestalt and psychoanalysis	d.	Behaviorism and Gestalt	

ANS:	A
Of the early schools of psychology, only psychoanalysis and behaviorism have survived as contemporary perspectives, although even they have been significantly altered from their original form.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2	MSC:	Factual

	40.	During Freud’s reign, sexual drives were emphasized to explain personality. Today, many psychoanalysts deemphasize sexual desires, and instead, focus on what area to explain personality?
a.	Cultural experiences	c.	The innate capacity for personal growth	
b.	Reward and punishment	d.	Conscious choice	

ANS:	A
Many psychoanalysts today downplay Freud’s emphasis on sexual drives and, instead, emphasize cultural experiences in explaining personality.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2a	MSC:	Conceptual

	41.	Which psychoanalyst asserted that personality continues to be shaped and changed throughout life?
a.	John Watson	c.	B.F. Skinner	
b.	Erik Erikson	d.	Abraham Maslow	

ANS:	B
Instead, contemporary psychoanalysis generally accepts Erikson’s (1980) view that personality continues to be shaped and changed throughout life.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2a	MSC:	Conceptual

	42.	Identify the central figure who shaped contemporary behaviorism.
a.	B. F. Skinner	c.	Alfred Adler	
b.	Abraham Maslow	d.	Carl Rogers	

ANS:	A
The central figure who shaped contemporary behaviorism was B. F. Skinner (1904–1990), who stressed the role of consequences in controlling behavior.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2a	MSC:	Factual

	43.	On Monday you were praised for helping Mrs. Martin with her groceries, on Tuesday you were given $2 for helping Mr. Scott plant begonias, and on Wednesday you were given cookies for helping Mrs. Jones find her cat. Which of the following provides the best explanation for this behavior?
a.	You abide by the “do unto others as you would have them do unto you” rule.	
b.	Freud’s theory of pleasure versus pain	
c.	Adler’s theory of adolescent helping behaviors	
d.	Skinner’s theory that behaviors followed by positive consequences will be repeated	

ANS:	D
Skinner’s research found that people and other animals tend to repeat behaviors that are followed by positive consequences and avoid behaviors that bring negative consequences.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2a	MSC:	Applied

	44.	Which psychological perspective played a key role in insisting that psychologists precisely define and objectively measure the concepts they study?
a.	Behaviorism	c.	Gestalt psychology	
b.	Psychoanalysis	d.	Humanistic psychology	

ANS:	A
Behaviorism played a key role in insisting that psychologists precisely define and objectively measure the concepts they study.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2a	MSC:	Conceptual

	45.	During the 1950s, many psychologists were dissatisfied with both the psychoanalytic and behavioristic views of human nature. Which force exerted its influence on psychology of that time?
a.	The humanistic perspective	c.	The evolutionary perspective	
b.	Cognitive psychology	d.	The sociocultural perspective	

ANS:	A
Arising out of many psychologists’ dissatisfaction with both the psychoanalytic and behavioristic views of human nature, a third force exerted its influence on psychology in the 1950s. This humanistic perspective emphasizes people’s innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Conceptual

	46.	The ____ perspective is an approach to psychology that emphasizes human beings’ innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.
a.	psychoanalytic	c.	behaviorist	
b.	Gestalt	d.	humanistic	

ANS:	D
The humanistic perspective emphasizes people’s innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Conceptual

	47.	What perspective are you embracing if you feel you have an innate capacity for personal growth and can consciously make your own choices?
a.	Cognitive psychology	c.	Sociocultural perspective	
b.	Humanistic perspective	d.	Naturalistic perspective	

ANS:	B
The humanistic perspective emphasizes people’s innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Conceptual

	48.	Your roommate believes that psychology should focus on helping individuals better use their inborn capacity to personally grow and make choices. Which contemporary perspective shares your roommate’s view?
a.	Psychoanalytic perspective	c.	Sociocultural perspective	
b.	Gestalt perspective	d.	Humanistic perspective	

ANS:	D
This humanistic perspective emphasizes people’s innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Applied

	49.	Which of the following pairs believed that psychology should study people’s unique subjective mental experiences of the world?
a.	Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow	c.	Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin	
b.	B. F. Skinner and John Watson	d.	Erik Erikson and B. F. Skinner	

ANS:	A
Carl Rogers (1902–1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) both contended that psychology should study people’s unique subjective mental experience of the world.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Factual

	50.	Which psychological approach has been criticized as the least scientifically based of all contemporary perspectives?
a.	Sociocultural	c.	Humanistic	
b.	Cognitive	d.	Evolutionary	

ANS:	C
The humanistic approach has been criticized for being the least scientifically based of all contemporary perspectives within psychology.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Factual

	51.	Which of the contemporary perspectives within psychology has promoted the scientific study of self-awareness, love, helping behaviors, and positive personality growth?
a.	Sociocultural perspective	c.	Humanistic perspective	
b.	Cognitive psychology	d.	Psychoanalytic perspective	

ANS:	C
Humanistic approach: The emphasis on conscious experience and the essential goodness of people has promoted the scientific study of previously neglected topics such as self-awareness, love, helping behavior, and positive personality growth.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Conceptual

	52.	As a scientist, you are continually uncovering phenomena that capture your attention and that are difficult to explain without reintroducing the concept of consciousness. What happens in the 1960s to help you?
a.	The theoretical center of gravity in psychology shifted from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.	
b.	The theoretical center of gravity in psychology shifted from Freud’s unconscious mind to Maslow’s conscious mind.	
c.	The theoretical center of gravity in psychology shifted from behaviorism to humanism.	
d.	The theoretical center of gravity in psychology shifted from evolutionary to cognitive psychology.	

ANS:	A
Accompanying the criticism of behaviorism by humanistic theorists was the fact that laboratory research was finding some interesting phenomena that were difficult to explain without reintroducing the concept of consciousness. In the 1960s, when this evidence had reached a sufficient “critical mass,” the theoretical center of gravity in psychology shifted from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Applied

	53.	The word cognitive comes from the Latin word meaning what?
a.	“To know”	c.	“To learn”	
b.	“To study”	d.	“To perceive”	

ANS:	A
The word cognitive comes from the Latin for “to know.”

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Factual

	54.	Professor Ping Hohman is a psychologist who attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes perceptions, processes information, and interprets experiences. Professor Hohman is a(n) ____ psychologist.
a.	cognitive	c.	developmental	
b.	evolutionary	d.	humanistic	

ANS:	A
The cognitive psychology is a psychological approach that attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes perceptions, processes information, and interprets experiences.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Applied

	55.	Which of the following is stressed in cognitive psychology?
a.	Personal emotions such as love, hate, and fear	
b.	Stimulus-response measures	
c.	Introspection	
d.	Information processing	

ANS:	D
Cognitive psychology is a psychological approach that attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes perceptions, processes information, and interprets experiences

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Conceptual

	56.	What coincided with cognitive psychology, making a name for itself?
a.	Advances in intelligence testing	
b.	The development of the computer	
c.	The successful separation of the brain hemispheres	
d.	Discovery of human DNA	

ANS:	B
The ascendancy of cognitive psychology coincided with the development of a new form of technology, namely, the computer.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Factual

	57.	The metaphor comparing the mind to the computer is attributed to what area of psychology?
a.	Cognitive psychology	c.	Psychometric psychology	
b.	Gestalt psychology	d.	Humanistic psychology	

ANS:	A
Cognitive psychologists argued that the mind was like a computer.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Conceptual

	58.	Behaviorist John Watson once described the brain as “a black box forever mysterious.” The discoveries in which psychological field helped in disproving this statement?
a.	Clinical psychology	c.	Humanistic psychology	
b.	Gestalt psychology	d.	Cognitive psychology	

ANS:	D
Today, behaviorist John Watson’s description of the brain as “a black box forever mysterious” is no longer true, thanks largely to the discoveries of cognitive psychologists.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2c	MSC:	Conceptual

	59.	Which approach to psychology attempts to understand behavior and mental processes by examining the nervous system?
a.	Experimental perspective	c.	Neuroscience perspective	
b.	Evolutionary perspective	d.	Cognitive psychology	

ANS:	C
Attempts to understand behavior and mental processes by examining the nervous system have come to be known as the neuroscience perspective.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2d	MSC:	Factual

	60.	Which approach to psychology studies how the brain communicates with itself and other bodily organs?
a.	Neuroscience perspective	c.	Comparative perspective	
b.	Medical perspective	d.	Developmental perspective	

ANS:	A
Neuroscience perspective: In its study of how the brain communicates with itself and other body organs, as well as its attempt to understand elementary biochemical processes, this approach to psychology is focused on the most precise microscopic levels of analysis.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2d	MSC:	Factual

	61.	As a graduate student, you assist a psychologist studying Alzheimer’s disease by grafting rat brain fetus tissue into the brains of elderly rats to see if there is a change in the older rats. What type of psychologist are you most likely working with?
a.	Experimental psychologist	c.	Cognitive psychologist	
b.	Developmental psychologist	d.	Neuroscientist	

ANS:	D
Neuroscientists conduct a good deal of their research using animals with simpler brains, hoping that the knowledge gained in these studies will lead to greater understanding of the brain’s building blocks.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2d	MSC:	Applied

	62.	What psychological perspective is based on the principle of natural selection?
a.	Sociocultural perspective	c.	Evolutionary perspective	
b.	Cognitive psychology	d.	Naturalistic perspective	

ANS:	C
The evolutionary perspective is partly based on the writings of biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882), who theorized that changes in the population of a species occur over many generations due to the interaction of environmental and biological variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Conceptual

	63.	Which person is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective?
a.	Sigmund Freud	c.	William James	
b.	Charles Darwin	d.	John Watson	

ANS:	B
The evolutionary perspective is partly based on the writings of biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882), who theorized that changes in the population of a species occur over many generations due to the interaction of environmental and biological variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Factual

	64.	What is the process by which organisms with inherited traits best suited to the environment reproduce more successfully than less well adapted organisms over a number of generations?
a.	Evolution	c.	Natural selection	
b.	Survival of the fittest	d.	Selective reproduction	

ANS:	C
As the environment changes, however, other members of the species possessing traits better suited to the new conditions will flourish, a process called natural selection. In this way, the environment selects which genetic traits are passed on to future generations.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Conceptual

	65.	You are the toughest, meanest male in your species and all the girls love you. Which phenomenon explains this?
a.	Natural selection	c.	Cultural selection	
b.	Evolution	d.	Social acceptance	

ANS:	A
As the environment changes, however, other members of the species possessing traits better suited to the new conditions will flourish, a process called natural selection.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Applied

	66.	What is the term we use to describe the genetic changes that occur in a species over generations due to natural selection?
a.	Reproduction	c.	Probabilistic determinism	
b.	Evolution	d.	Gestaltism	

ANS:	B
Evolution: Charles Darwin (1809–1882), who theorized that changes in the population of a species occur over many generations due to the interaction of environmental and biological variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Factual

	67.	What is most central to the process of natural selection?
a.	Inherited traits	c.	Genetic changes	
b.	Reproduction	d.	Environmental factors	

ANS:	B
Reproduction is central to natural selection; the essence of the natural selection process is that the characteristics of some individuals allow them to produce more offspring than others.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Conceptual

	68.	What are the differences between the evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives explanation of human behavior?
a.	The former involves biological norms while the latter emphasizes societal norms.	
b.	The former involves inherited genes while the latter emphasizes the roles that social and cultural factors play.	
c.	The former involves selection of the fittest while the latter embraces society’s collective involvement.	
d.	The former involves adapting to the environment while the latter involves adapting to the philosophies of a civilization.	

ANS:	B
While the evolutionary perspective examines how the behavior of humans and other living creatures are shaped due to inherited genes, the sociocultural perspective emphasizes the role that social and cultural factors play in explaining behavior

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f	MSC:	Factual

	69.	What is the term used to describe a shared system of ideas about the characteristics of the world, and is made up of rules governing how people should think, feel, and act within that world?
a.	Citizenship	c.	Culture	
b.	Civilization	d.	Society	

ANS:	C
Culture is the total lifestyle of people from a particular social grouping, including all the ideas, symbols, preferences, and material objects that they share.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f	MSC:	Factual

	70.	Why do some psychologists believe that the sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives are compatible?
a.	Today’s psychologists do not believe that these diverse perspectives are compatible.	
b.	Some psychologists argue that the culture of a people is based on their relationship with the environment and that evolution is the story of how we adapted to that environment.	
c.	Some psychologists believe that sociocultural and evolutionary forces have only recently begun to work together to shape behaviors, and they are now developing a single perspective that encompasses the two.	
d.	Both b and c	

ANS:	B
Some psychologists argue that a culture is based on its people’s relationship with the environment, and that the evolution of our species is a story of how we have adapted to our environment.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f	MSC:	Conceptual

	71.	Throughout existence, an individual’s innate desire to pass their genes on to the next generation pushes him or her toward selfish, self-serving actions that can potentially threaten not only the individual, but the survival of the individual’s group. By what process have we found a delicate balance between these tendencies?
a.	Individualism	c.	Cultural belief	
b.	Collectivism	d.	Natural selection	

ANS:	D
One of the fundamental dilemmas we have faced throughout our existence is that each individual’s inherent desire to pass their genes on to the next generation pushes her or him toward selfish, self-serving actions that can potentially threaten the survival of the individual’s group, and thus, the individual’s own survival. Somehow through the process of natural selection, we have struck a delicate balance between these conflicting tendencies.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f | Exploring Culture & Diversity 1-1	
MSC:	Conceptual

	72.	“I live in a society that accepts my choice as being my own person, I generally do not need anyone to help me do what I want to do, and I am self-assured, unique, and quite diverse.” What philosophy does my society most likely embrace?
a.	Individualism	c.	Egocentricism	
b.	Egoism	d.	Self-actualization	

ANS:	A
Individualism is a philosophy of life stressing the priority of personal goals over group goals, a preference for loosely knit social relationships, and a desire to be relatively free of others’ influence.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f | Exploring Culture & Diversity 1-1	
MSC:	Applied

	73.	Based on cross-cultural studies, 70 percent of the world’s population lives in cultures with what type of orientation?
a.	Collectivist	c.	Socialization	
b.	Individualist	d.	Industrialization	

ANS:	A
Currently, 70 percent of the world’s population lives in cultures with a collectivist orientation.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f | Exploring Culture & Diversity 1-1	
MSC:	Factual

	74.	Name two traits that are often seen as impediments to proper self-growth in a collectivist society.
a.	Uniqueness and individual differences	c.	Goodness and generosity	
b.	Agreeableness and dependence	d.	Conformity and obedience	

ANS:	A
In a collectivist society, uniqueness and individual differences are often seen only as impediments to proper self-growth.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f | Exploring Cultural & Diversity 1-1	
MSC:	Factual

	75.	What is the primary goal of a research psychologist?
a.	To study how people mature and change physically, mentally, and socially throughout their lifetime	
b.	To study behaviors by examining physiological processes, especially those in the brain	
c.	To conduct experimental research on the basic psychological processes, such as learning, motivation, sensation, and a multitude of others	
d.	To acquire psychological knowledge through scientific methods and to teach this knowledge to students	

ANS:	D
The primary goals of a research psychologist are to acquire psychological knowledge through scientific methods and to teach this knowledge to students.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f	MSC:	Conceptual

	76.	Which branch of psychology studies behavior by examining physiological processes, especially those occurring in the brain?
a.	Clinical psychology	c.	Experimental psychology	
b.	Behaviorism	d.	Psychobiology	

ANS:	D
Psychobiology: Studies behavior by examining physiological processes, especially those occurring in the brain.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	77.	Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to study how people mature and change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout the life span?
a.	Gerontology psychologists	c.	Comparative psychologists	
b.	Cognitive psychologists	d.	Developmental psychologists	

ANS:	D
Developmental psychology: Studies how people mature and change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout the life span.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	78.	Your professor wants you to design a research project on motivation and learning that you will later “try out” on volunteers from other psychology courses. Since this is your professor’s area of expertise, in what field of research psychology does he/ she most likely specialize?
a.	Comparative psychology	c.	Developmental psychology	
b.	Experimental psychology	d.	Educational psychology	

ANS:	B
Experimental psychology: Studies basic psychological processes such as sensation, perception, learning, motivation, emotion, and states of consciousness.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Applied

	79.	Which branch of psychology deals with similarities and differences in the physiology, behavior, and abilities of different species, including humans?
a.	Comparative psychology	c.	Psychometry	
b.	Cognitive psychology	d.	Experimental neuropsychology	

ANS:	A
Comparative psychology: Studies similarities and differences in the physiology, behavior, and abilities of different species, including humans.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Conceptual

	80.	You are a professor at Harvard University. You teach and conduct research in your particular area of specialization, which studies how people are influenced by relatively stable internal traits. Which subject are you most likely to teach?
a.	Psychology of social behaviors	c.	Psychology of cognition	
b.	Psychology of personality	d.	Psychology of learning and memory	

ANS:	B
Personality psychology: Studies how people are influenced by relatively stable internal traits.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Applied

	81.	Which type of psychologists use existing psychological knowledge to solve and prevent problems?
a.	Clinical psychologist	c.	Applied psychologist	
b.	Comparative psychologist	d.	Research psychologist	

ANS:	C
In addition to psychologists within these seven areas, a little over half the psychologists who received their Ph.D.s during the past 30 years have careers in specialty areas where they use existing psychological knowledge to solve and prevent problems. These applied psychologists most often work in mental health centers, schools, industries, governmental agencies, or private practice.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	82.	Which of the following psychologists do not most often work in mental health centers, schools, industries, governmental agencies, or private practice?
a.	Counseling psychologists	c.	Social psychologists	
b.	Industrial-organizational psychologists	d.	Educational psychologists	

ANS:	C
Applied psychologists, including counseling, industrial-organizational, and educational psychologists, most often work in mental health centers, schools, industries, governmental agencies, or private practice.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	83.	Which of the following is not a subset of applied psychology?
a.	Counseling psychology	c.	Industrial-organizational psychology	
b.	Educational psychology	d.	Experimental psychology	

ANS:	D
Four major applied specialties are as follows:

1. Clinical psychology
2. Counseling psychology
3. Industrial-organizational psychology
4. Educational and school psychology

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	84.	You are depressed, and you are hearing voices in your head telling you to eat the flowers out of your garden and dance naked in the street. Your family wants you to make an appointment with a psychologist at the local mental health clinic. Which psychologist are you most likely to be taken to?
a.	Counseling psychologist	c.	Personality psychologist	
b.	Clinical psychologist	d.	Behavioral psychologist	

ANS:	B
Clinical psychology: Diagnoses and treats people with psychological disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Applied

	85.	Your marriage is on the rocks and your spouse keeps bringing up your lack of social skills as a factor. You had better get to what type of psychologist quickly?
a.	Developmental psychologist	c.	Counseling psychologist	
b.	Social psychologist	d.	Organizational psychologist	

ANS:	C
Counseling psychology: Diagnoses and treats people with personal problems that do not involve psychological disorders; includes marriage counseling, social skills training, and career planning.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Applied

	86.	Which type of psychologist would you most likely make an appointment with, if you need some serious help in the area of career planning?
a.	Educational psychologist	c.	Clinical psychologist	
b.	Counseling psychologist	d.	Social psychologist	

ANS:	B
Counseling psychology: Diagnoses and treats people with personal problems that do not involve psychological disorders; includes marriage counseling, social skills training, and career planning.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2g	MSC:	Factual

	87.	Psychologists have developed scientific methods to ____ bias and errors when conducting their research.
a.	eliminate	c.	conceal	
b.	minimize	d.	cancel out	

ANS:	B
When conducting research, psychologists employ scientific methods, which consist of a set of procedures used to gather, analyze, and interpret information in a way that minimizes error and leads to dependable generalizations.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual

	88.	In research, a group of subjects drawn from a population to participate in a study is referred to as a(n) ____.
a.	sub-population	c.	control group	
b.	sample	d.	experimental group	

ANS:	B
In research, a sample is a group of subjects who are selected to participate in a given study.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual

	89.	In research, a population is ____.
a.	every participant in a study exposed to the experimental condition	
b.	every participant in a study exposed to the control condition	
c.	all members of an identifiable group from which a sample is drawn	
d.	a group of subjects who are selected to participate in a research study	

ANS:	C
In research, a sample is a group of subjects who are selected to participate in a given study, while a population consists of all the members of an identifiable group from which a sample is drawn.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual

	90.	The guidelines psychologists follow when conducting research are ____ those typically employed in everyday thinking.
a.	slightly less rigid than	c.	very similar to	
b.	exactly the same as	d.	far more stringent than	

ANS:	D
The guidelines psychologists follow when conducting research are far more stringent than those typically employed in everyday thinking.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual

	91.	Deciding what to believe and how to act based on a careful evaluation of the evidence is the process of ____.
a.	critical thinking	c.	the primacy effect	
b.	hindsight bias	d.	the implicit personality theory	

ANS:	A
Psychologists also approach the study of the mind by engaging in critical thinking, which is the process of deciding what to believe and how to act based on a careful evaluation of the evidence.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual

	92.	Which of the following is NOT an aspect of critical thinking?
a.	Oversimplifying issues	c.	Analyzing assumptions	
b.	Tolerating ambiguity	d.	Examining the evidence	

ANS:	A
The following are some general guidelines on how to critically think:

1. Be willing to ask questions
2. Analyze assumptions
3. Examine the evidence
4. Be cautious of emotional decisions
5. Avoid oversimplifying issues
6. Tolerate ambiguity

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a | Psychological Applications	MSC:	Conceptual

	93.	Engaging in critical thinking is important because it ____.
a.	allows you to make better and more informed decisions	
b.	helps you to arrive at judgments based on careful reasoning	
c.	avoids decision making that is based on assumptions or emotions	
d.	All of the above	

ANS:	D
Critical thinking is the process of deciding what to believe and how to act based on a careful evaluation of the evidence. An important aspect of critical thinking is ruling out alternative explanations.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a | Psychological Applications	MSC:	Conceptual

	94.	A researcher usually begins the research process by ____.
a.	developing the hypothesis to be tested	
b.	finding and reviewing relevant research literature	
c.	collecting data	
d.	selecting a scientific method	

ANS:	B
After selecting a topic, researchers need to search the scientific literature to determine whether prior investigations exist.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	95.	The four stages of the research process are ____.
a.	selecting a topic, breaking the topic down into its components, researching the most current literature on the topic, and reporting results	
b.	selecting a topic, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting results	
c.	selecting a topic, collecting and analyzing data, developing a theory based on data collection and analysis, and reporting results	
d.	selecting a topic, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a scientific method, and collecting and analyzing data	

ANS:	D
The four stages of the research process are: Selecting a topic, formulating a hypothesis, selecting a scientific method, and collecting and analyzing data.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	96.	According to the text, what is the first research stage?
a.	Developing a theory and hypothesis	
b.	Selecting a topic and reviewing past research	
c.	Selecting a scientific method and obtaining approval to conduct the study	
d.	Collecting and analyzing data, and then reporting the results	

ANS:	B
The first stage involves selecting a topic and reviewing past research.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	97.	An organized system of ideas that seeks to explain why two or more events are related is called a ____.
a.	hypothesis	c.	case study	
b.	theory	d.	naturalistic observation	

ANS:	B
A theory is an organized system of ideas that seeks to explain why two or more events are related.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	98.	The most salient factor in determining the value of a theory is its ____.
a.	internal coherence	c.	fertility	
b.	economy	d.	predictive accuracy	

ANS:	D
The most salient factor is a theory’s predictive accuracy.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	99.	____ refers to whether a theory can reliably predict behavior.
a.	Predictive accuracy	c.	Fertility	
b.	Internal coherence	d.	Economy	

ANS:	A
The most salient factor is a theory’s predictive accuracy.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	100.	____ is the ability to generate sufficient interest in other scientists so that the theory is tested and extended to a wide variety of behavior.
a.	Predictive accuracy	c.	Economy	
b.	Predictive accuracy	d.	Fertility	

ANS:	D
Fertility: The ability to generate sufficient interest in other scientists so that the theory is tested and extended to a wide variety of behavior.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	101.	The theory of operant conditioning explains the probability of a behavioral response using the minimum number of principles or concepts. This is an indication of the theory’s ____.
a.	predictive accuracy	c.	economy	
b.	internal coherence	d.	fertility	

ANS:	C
A characteristic of a good theory is that it should be economical, meaning that it includes the minimum number of principles or concepts necessary to adequately explain and predict the phenomena in question.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Applied

	102.	Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that make a good theory?
a.	Predictive accuracy	c.	Complexity	
b.	Internal coherence	d.	Economy	

ANS:	C
Predictive accuracy, internal coherence, economy and fertility are the factors that make a good theory.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b | Table 1-1		MSC:	Factual

	103.	The task of science is “not the dull and easy job of showing that a fixed hypothesis is right or wrong in a given context. … Science has the more exciting task of discovering in what senses the hypothesis and its theoretical explanations are true and in what senses false.” Who said this?
a.	William Dement	c.	William McGuire	
b.	Sigmund Freud	d.	Aristotle	

ANS:	C
Psychologist William McGuire contends that the task of science is “not the dull and easy job of showing that a fixed hypothesis is right or wrong in a given context. … Science has the more exciting task of discovering in what senses the hypothesis and its theoretical explanations are true and in what senses false.”

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	104.	Scientists determine the predictive accuracy of a theory by ____.
a.	discussing the theory with other experts in the field	
b.	obtaining and reviewing the most current literature in the field	
c.	consulting an institutional review board	
d.	formulating and testing hypotheses based on the theory	

ANS:	D
The way that scientists determine the predictive accuracy of a theory is by formulating hypotheses.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	105.	A hypothesis is ____.
a.	organized systems of ideas that seek to explain why two or more events are related	
b.	an educated guess or prediction about the nature of things based upon a theory.	
c.	mathematical analyses that move beyond mere description of research data to make inferences about a population	
d.	mathematical analyses that summarize and describe the behavior or characteristics of a particular sample of participants	

ANS:	B
A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about the nature of things based upon a theory.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	106.	William Dement developed the ____ that dreaming is a fundamental requirement for all humans. Based on this general idea, he developed the specific ____ that if people were not allowed to dream one night, they would make up for this deficit by increasing their dream time on subsequent nights.
a.	hypothesis; theory	c.	naturalistic observation; hypothesis	
b.	theory; hypothesis	d.	theory; naturalistic observation	

ANS:	B
Dement (1960) developed a theory that dreaming was a fundamental requirement for all humans. He hypothesized that if people were not allowed to dream over a series of nights (by waking them when they entered REM sleep), they would experience some kind of pressure to increase their “dream time” on subsequent nights.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Conceptual

	107.	According to the text, the third research stage involves ____.
a.	theory and hypothesis development	
b.	selecting a scientific method and obtaining approval to conduct the study	
c.	selecting a topic and reviewing past research	
d.	data collection, analysis, and reporting results	

ANS:	B
The third research stage involves selecting a scientific method and obtaining approval to conduct the study.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	108.	In assessing proposed studies involving human participants, the highest priority is always given to ____.
a.	the potential benefits of the research	
b.	the welfare of the participants	
c.	the potential loss of trust caused by any type of deception	
d.	having all participants finish the task to the best of their abilities	

ANS:	B
In assessing proposed studies involving human participants, priority is always given to the welfare of the participants over any potential benefits of the research.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	109.	Approximately what percentage of research published in psychology journals uses animals as subjects?
a.	Less than 1	c.	33	
b.	5	d.	75	

ANS:	B
IRBs also evaluate animal research, which accounts for about 5 percent of all research published in psychology journals.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	110.	Self-reports, direct observations and archival information are all basic techniques of ____.
a.	literature search	c.	data collection	
b.	theory development	d.	inferential statistics	

ANS:	C
There are three basic techniques of data collection: (1) self-reports, (2) direct observations, and (3) archival information.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	111.	Because of the problems caused by self-report, researchers often prefer to collect data through ____.
a.	surveys	c.	interviews	
b.	meta-analysis	d.	direct observation	

ANS:	D
Because people may not always be able to accurately describe these internal states, many researchers prefer to directly observe people’s behavior, recording its quantity and direction of change over time.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	112.	Researchers often begin data analysis by performing statistics that summarize the characteristics of their particular sample. These types of statistics are called ____.
a.	descriptive statistics	c.	experimental statistics	
b.	inferential statistics	d.	correlational statistics	

ANS:	A
Descriptive statistics simply summarize and describe the behavior or characteristics of a particular sample of participants in a study.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Conceptual

	113.	Inferential statistics are used to ____.
a.	summarize the characteristics of the participants in a study	
b.	directly observe people’s behavior over time	
c.	make concrete assumptions about the sample	
d.	make inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn	

ANS:	D
Inferential statistics are used to estimate the likelihood that a difference found in the groups studied would also be found if everyone in the population participated in the study.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	114.	A researcher claims that the results of her study are statistically significant. This usually means that ____.
a.	the results of the study significantly contribute to the field of psychology	
b.	there is no possibility that the difference between the experimental and control groups is due to chance	
c.	the likelihood that the difference between the experimental and control groups occurred by chance is less than 1 in 20	
d.	the likelihood that the difference between the experimental and control groups occurred by chance is greater than 1 out of 20	

ANS:	C
Psychologists generally accept a difference as statistically significant if the likelihood of it having occurred by chance is less than 1 in 20—that is, a probability of less than 5 percent.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	115.	Why is it important that researchers report their results?
a.	To advance their career	
b.	To ensure that no existing research is replicated	
c.	To share their discoveries with fellow scholars and ultimately advance the discipline	
d.	Both a and b	

ANS:	C
The last task in the fourth stage of the research process is to report results. By informing fellow scholars of their discoveries, researchers build upon and refine one another’s work, and the understanding of psychology is enriched.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	116.	What is risk/benefit ratio?
a.	The ratio between the risks that the researcher may face and the benefits that may that may derive out of the study	
b.	The ratio between the potential risks to those participating in a study and the benefits that the study may have for advancing knowledge about humanity	
c.	The ratio between the risk and the benefits for the humans participating in the study	
d.	The ratio between the risk the researcher may face in conducting the study and the benefits it will have for the participants	

ANS:	B
To guard against harm to participants, the guidelines followed by IRBs focus on the risk/benefit ratio, which weighs the potential risks to those participating in a study against the benefits that the study may have for advancing knowledge about humanity.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	117.	An observational method that investigates behavior in its natural environment is ____.
a.	the correlational method	c.	experimental method	
b.	naturalistic observation	d.	meta-analysis	

ANS:	B
Naturalistic observation is a method that investigates behavior in its natural environment.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	118.	____ is a descriptive scientific method where a group is studied from within by a researcher who records behavior as it occurs in its usual natural environment.
a.	Naturalistic observation	c.	Case study	
b.	Participant observation	d.	Correlational research	

ANS:	B
Participant observation: A researcher records behavior as it occurs in its natural environment but does so as a participant of the group being studied.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	119.	One of the chief benefits of participant observation is that it ____.
a.	produces a detailed analysis of a person	
b.	can be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships	
c.	controls extraneous variables better than any other method	
d.	allows researchers to get closer to what they are studying than any other method	

ANS:	D
One of the chief benefits of participant observation is that it allows investigators to get closer to what they are studying more than does any other method.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	120.	Leon Festinger’s study in which researchers infiltrated a doomsday cult to observe the cult’s dynamics is a classic example of ____.
a.	naturalistic observation	c.	survey research	
b.	participant observation	d.	correlational research	

ANS:	B
An excellent example of participant observation was Leon Festinger’s study of a doomsday cult in the 1950s.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	121.	A researcher decides to study homeless people in their natural environment by becoming homeless himself. This is an example of ____.
a.	naturalistic observation	c.	correlational research	
b.	participant observation	d.	experimental research	

ANS:	B
Another type of observational method is participant observation. Here, as in naturalistic observation, a researcher records behavior as it occurs in its natural environment but does so as a participant of the group being studied.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Applied

	122.	Which of the following is an advantage of naturalistic and participant observation research?
a.	Both may alter participants’ behavior	
b.	Variables are well controlled using these methods	
c.	Both help researchers understand the context in which certain behaviors occur	
d.	Both can be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships	

ANS:	C
Naturalistic and participant observation research: Researchers are able to watch behavior in its “wholeness,” providing the full context in which to understand it.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	123.	A disadvantage of using observational methods is ____.
a.	the ethical problem of invading others’ privacy	
b.	the lack of experimental control	
c.	the effect of the researcher’s participation on participants’ behavior	
d.	All of the above	

ANS:	D
First, because of the absence of control that researchers have in such studies, conclusions must be drawn very carefully. Second, researchers must be mindful that their participation in or even observation of events can significantly alter the participants’ behavior and thus taint the data. Finally, more than any other scientific method, observational methods pose the most ethical problems involving invasion of others’ privacy.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	124.	____ is a form of observational research involving an in-depth analysis of a single subject.
a.	Naturalistic observation	c.	A case study	
b.	Participant observation	d.	Correlational research	

ANS:	C
Another form of observational research is a case study, which involves an in-depth analysis of a single subject.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	125.	An advantage of using the case study method is that ____.
a.	it produces a detailed analysis of a person	
b.	variables are well controlled	
c.	the results can be broadly generalized	
d.	it can be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships	

ANS:	A
The advantage of the case study is that it produces a more detailed analysis of a person than any other method.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	126.	Which was the research method Sigmund Freud used predominantly in his work?
a.	Participant observation	c.	Case study	
b.	Naturalistic observation	d.	Questionnaire	

ANS:	C
Case study: Sigmund Freud’s work is perhaps the most famous example of this method.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	127.	Which method of inquiry is common in clinical work, in which psychotherapists provide an extensive description of a person suffering from a particular psychological disorder to illustrate the factors that lead to and influence it?
a.	Naturalistic observation	c.	Case study	
b.	Participant observation	d.	Questionnaire	

ANS:	C
Case study: This method of inquiry is common in clinical work, in which psychotherapists provide an extensive description of a person suffering from a particular psychological disorder to illustrate the factors that lead to and influence it.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	128.	Which of the following is common between naturalistic and participant observation?
a.	Researchers are able to systematically record events that were previously observed only by nonscientists.	
b.	Researchers are able to record rare events that may never occur in a controlled laboratory environment.	
c.	Researchers are able to observe events that would be too risky, dangerous, or unethical to create in the laboratory.	
d.	All of the above	

ANS:	D
The following are four advantages of both naturalistic and participant observation research:

1. Researchers are able to watch behavior in its “wholeness,” providing the full context in which to understand it.
2. Researchers are able to record rare events that may never occur in a controlled laboratory environment.
3. Researchers are able to systematically record events that were previously observed only by nonscientists.
4. Researchers are able to observe events that would be too risky, dangerous, or unethical to create in the laboratory.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	129.	Which of the following is not a scientific method that describes behavior?
a.	Naturalistic observation	c.	A case study	
b.	Participant observation	d.	Experimental research	

ANS:	D
Description is the goal of observational research. The three methods are:

1. Naturalistic observation
2. Participant observation
3. Case study

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	130.	Correlational research is used ____.
a.	to analyze the nature of the relationships between two or more variables that are not controlled by the researcher	
b.	to observe events that would be too risky, dangerous, or unethical to create in the laboratory	
c.	only during the initial stages of studying a phenomenon	
d.	to systematically record events that were previously observed only by nonscientists	

ANS:	A
Correlational research analyzes the nature of the relationship between two or more variables that are not controlled by the researcher.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Conceptual

	131.	Which statement is true about correlation?
a.	Correlation does not imply causation.	
b.	Two variables cannot have a zero correlation.	
c.	A change in one variable cannot be predicted by knowing the value of the other variable.	
d.	Case studies are the most widely used method of correlational research.	

ANS:	A
The major disadvantage of the correlational study is that it cannot definitively determine the cause of the relationship between two variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Conceptual

	132.	The major disadvantage of the correlational study is that ____.
a.	it cannot be used for predicting	
b.	it cannot study any variable	
c.	it cannot definitively determine the cause of the relationship between two variables	
d.	it can give casual references	

ANS:	C
The major disadvantage of the correlational study is that it cannot definitively determine the cause of the relationship between two variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Factual

	133.	One of the major advantages of correlational research is that it ____.
a.	allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships	
b.	controls extraneous variables better than any other method	
c.	allows researchers to get closer to what they are studying than any other method	
d.	allows researchers to predict a change in one variable by knowing the value of another variable	

ANS:	D
The importance of correlational research for psychologists is prediction: It allows them to predict a change in one variable by knowing the value of another variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Conceptual

	134.	The correlation coefficient (r) can range from ____.
a.	0 to 100	c.	0 to 1	
b.	–10 to +10	d.	–1.00 to +1.00	

ANS:	D
This correlation coefficient (r) can range from –1.00 to +1.00.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Factual

	135.	Suppose that a researcher determined that the correlation between intelligence and creativity was 0.59. An appropriate interpretation of this correlation would be that ____.
a.	people with high intelligence also tend to be highly creative	
b.	highly intelligent people are generally not very creative	
c.	highly intelligent people are less creative	
d.	there is no relationship between these two variables	

ANS:	A
Correlations of .50 to .60 are regarded as strong, those between .30 and .50 are moderately strong, and those below .30 or .20 are considered rather weak.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Applied

	136.	A researcher finds a strong, positive correlation between negative thinking and depression, but cannot determine whether negative thinking causes depression or depression causes negative thinking. This is referred to as the ____.
a.	correlation/causation fallacy	c.	third variable problem	
b.	reverse-causality problem	d.	curvilinear problem	

ANS:	B
The reverse-causality problem occurs whenever either of the two variables correlated with one another could just as plausibly be the cause or the effect.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Applied

	137.	A zero correlation coefficient between private self-consciousness and self-disclosure could mean that these two variables ____.
a.	have no association	c.	have a curvilinear relationship	
b.	are perfectly correlated	d.	Both a and c	

ANS:	D
Returning to the example of self-consciousness and self-disclosure, a correlation at or very near zero indicates the absence of a linear relationship between these two variables. This zero correlation may mean one of two things: (1) regularly self-reflecting has no association with self-disclosing, or (2) there is a curvilinear relationship between self-reflection and self-disclosing.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Conceptual

	138.	Which type of research method examines cause-and-effect relationships?
a.	Descriptive research	c.	Correlational research	
b.	Observational research	d.	Experimental research	

ANS:	D
Psychologists conduct experimental research to examine cause-and-effect relationships.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Conceptual

	139.	Experimental research is used in psychology ____.
a.	to examine relationships between naturally occurring variables	
b.	to examine cause-and-effect relationships	
c.	only during the initial stages of studying a phenomenon	
d.	to provide an in-depth analysis of a single subject	

ANS:	B
Psychologists conduct experimental research to examine cause-and-effect relationships.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Conceptual

	140.	The variable manipulated in an experiment is called the ____.
a.	independent variable	c.	extraneous variable	
b.	dependent variable	d.	third variable	

ANS:	A
The variable that is manipulated is called the independent variable, and it is the one the experimenter is testing as the possible cause of any changes that might occur in the other variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	141.	An experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of codeine on pain reduction. The amount of codeine given to each subject by the experimenter is the ____.
a.	independent variable	c.	control variable	
b.	dependent variable	d.	third variable	

ANS:	A
The variable that is manipulated is called the independent variable, and it is the one the experimenter is testing as the possible cause of any changes that might occur in the other variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Applied

	142.	A researcher wants to study the effect of sleep deprivation on reaction time. After receiving varying levels of sleep, the reaction times of all participants are recorded. In this experiment, reaction time is the ____.
a.	independent variable	c.	control variable	
b.	dependent variable	d.	third variable	

ANS:	B
The variable whose changes are considered to be the effect of the manipulated changes in the independent variable is called the dependent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Applied

	143.	In the control condition of an experiment, participants are not exposed to the ____.
a.	independent variable	c.	control variable	
b.	dependent variable	d.	third variable	

ANS:	A
Control condition: Participants are not exposed to the independent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	144.	In an experiment on the effect of alcohol on performance, subjects are randomly assigned to drink different amounts of alcohol before completing a performance task. This means that ____.
a.	the researcher assigned subjects to each level of the independent variable based on their performance level	
b.	the subjects chose the level of the independent variable they would receive	
c.	each subject had an equal chance of being assigned to each level of the independent variable	
d.	each subject had an equal chance of being assigned to each level of the dependent variable	

ANS:	C
In most experiments, participants are randomly assigned to different levels of the independent variable so they and the researcher do not determine their level of independent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Applied

	145.	In his Bobo doll experiments, Bandura assigned half of the participating children to observe an aggressive adult and half to observe a nonaggressive adult. He assigned the children in such as way that each child had an equal chance of being in either condition. This procedure is called ____.
a.	controlled assignment	c.	controlled selection	
b.	random assignment	d.	random selection	

ANS:	B
A key feature of most experiments is that participants are randomly assigned to the different levels of the independent variable. In such random assignment, the experimenter, by some random procedure, decides which participants are exposed to which level of the independent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	146.	Albert Bandura studied whether children would imitate aggressive behavior in his well-known Bobo doll experiments. Half of the children observed an adult behaving aggressively with a Bobo doll; the other half observed an adult playing nonaggressively with toys. The children observing the nonaggressive adult were in the ____.
a.	control condition	c.	random condition	
b.	experimental condition	d.	dependent condition	

ANS:	A
In contrast, the children who had observed the nonaggressive adult were in what is called the control condition, which is the condition where participants are not exposed to the independent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Applied

	147.	The condition in an experiment where participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable is called the ____.
a.	control condition	c.	random condition	
b.	experimental condition	d.	dependent condition	

ANS:	B
Experimental condition: Participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	148.	____ is a simulated reality created by psychologists to conduct their research.
a.	Artificial intelligence	c.	Lie detecting test	
b.	Virtual Environment Technology	d.	A lab	

ANS:	B
Recently, some psychologists have begun using virtual environment technology (VET), in which they create a virtual research environment using a computer.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	149.	What is the relatively new psychological perspective that studies optimal human functioning and is a direct descendent of humanistic psychology?
a.	Gestalt psychology	c.	Positive psychology	
b.	Optimistic psychology	d.	Sociocultural perspective	

ANS:	C
This new perspective is more firmly grounded in rigorous scientific methodology than is the humanistic perspective, and thus, it may be in a better position to shape the future direction of psychology.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Conceptual

	150.	What is the new scientific approach to studying optimal human functioning that asserts that the normal functioning of human beings cannot be accounted for within purely negative (or problem-focused) frames of reference?
a.	Humanistic psychology	c.	Cognitive psychology	
b.	Gestalt psychology	d.	Positive psychology	

ANS:	D
Positive psychology is a scientific approach to studying optimal human functioning and is more firmly grounded in rigorous scientific methodology than is the traditional humanistic perspective.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2b	MSC:	Factual

	151.	Professor Sanchez studies how the brain communicates with itself and other body organs, including biochemical processes occurring at microscopic levels. He is most likely a(n) ____.
a.	cognitive psychologist	c.	clinical psychologist	
b.	evolutionary psychologist	d.	neuroscientist	

ANS:	D
Neuroscientists attempt to understand behavior and mental processes by examining the nervous system.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2d	MSC:	Applied

	152.	Every species on the planet is undergoing some sort of evolution, even though the speed of the process differs substantially across species. Species that experience ____ change in their environment tend to evolve ____ than other species, on average.
a.	considerable; faster	c.	considerable; slower	
b.	little; faster	d.	little; slower	

ANS:	A
Species that experience a great deal of change in their environment evolve faster than those that live in stable environments.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Factual

	153.	According to evolutionary theory, which of the following statements is false?
a.	Individual organisms do not evolve.	
b.	Natural selection doesn’t lead to evolutionary changes.	
c.	Natural selection does lead to evolutionary changes.	
d.	Individuals play a role in evolution by their own successes or failures in reproducing.	

ANS:	B
As natural selection continues and the features best suited for survival change again and again, the result is evolution.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2e	MSC:	Factual

	154.	Sasha lives in a(n) ____ society in which people tend to trust group decisions, people’s identities are primarily given by their groups, and group goals are more important than personal goals.
a.	collectivist	c.	sociocultural	
b.	individualist	d.	functionalist	

ANS:	A
Collectivism is a philosophy of life stressing the priority of group needs over individual needs, a preference for tightly knit social relationships, and a willingness to submit to the influence of one's group.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-2f	MSC:	Applied

	155.	Is the statement “God created life” a scientific hypothesis?
a.	Yes, because it can be tested by the methods of science.	
b.	No, because scientific studies have already proven that evolution created life.	
c.	Yes, because it has high fertility.	
d.	No, because there is no conceivable experiment or observation that could potentially falsify it.	

ANS:	D
To qualify as a scientific theory, an explanation must be falsifiable, meaning that it must be possible to find fault with, or disconfirm, the explanation.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3f	MSC:	Applied

	156.	Why does the theory of evolution qualify as a scientific theory but creation science does not? 
a.	Evolutionary theory is falsifiable but creation science is not falsifiable.	
b.	Evolutionary theory is not falsifiable but creation science is falsifiable.	
c.	Evolutionary theory has been proven using scientific methods but creation science has not been proven.	
d.	Evolutionary theory is economical, but creation science lacks internal coherence.	

ANS:	A
To qualify as a scientific theory, an explanation must be falsifiable and creation science's premise that God created life is not falsifiable.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3f	MSC:	Applied

	157.	Social psychological studies have found a negative relationship between the number of bystanders at an emergency and the likelihood that the emergency victim will be helped. In other words, these studies suggest that a victim is ____ likely to be helped when there are ____.
a.	more; many bystanders present rather than very few present	
b.	less; many bystanders present rather than very few present	
c.	just as; many bystanders present compared to very few present	
d.	None of the above	

ANS:	B
The direction of the relationship between variable A and variable B tells the researcher how they are related (positively or negatively).

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d	MSC:	Applied

	158.	How do scientists use an operational definition?
a.	To determine the nature of the relationship between two or more factors	
b.	To present a proposed study to an institutional review board	
c.	To describe a variable with a very precise description of how a variable in a study is measured	
d.	To guard against harm to study participants	

ANS:	C
Scientists use an operational definition to describe a variable with a very precise description of how a variable in a study is measured.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Applied

ESSAY

	1.	Explain the prejudice and discrimination that many women and ethnic minorities were subjected to during the earliest years of psychology, and compare that time with today.

ANS:	
In the early years of psychology’s existence, women and minorities were generally excluded from graduate education due to the prejudice and discrimination of the times. The text notes the example of Mary Calkins who was not awarded a Ph.D. from Harvard, even though she had fulfilled all requirements for the Ph.D. Women and ethnic minorities who achieved educational success, then faced substandard research facilities.

Today, many of the new Ph.D. recipients are women and members of ethnic minority groups. Although women and minorities are making great strides, it is still more likely that men hold the most powerful positions of authority in university psychology departments. Also, the numbers of minorities in the discipline are low compared to their numbers in the general population.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-1c	MSC:	Factual

	2.	How does the process of critical thinking improve decision making?

ANS:	
The process of critical thinking improves decision making because it leads one to make decisions based on evidence and not emotions or assumptions that may be false. Critical thinking involves asking questions, examining evidence, and avoiding oversimplification of issues. Decisions are made as a result of carefully exploring the options and the consequences of those options.

PTS:	1	
REF:	Psychological Applications: How Can You Develop Critical Thinking Skills?
MSC:	Conceptual

	3.	Describe descriptive and inferential statistics.

ANS:	
The two basic kinds of statistics employed by psychologists are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics simply summarize and describe the behavior or characteristics of a particular sample of participants in a study, while inferential statistics move beyond mere description to make inferences about the larger population from which the sample was drawn.

Inferential statistics are used to estimate the likelihood that a difference found in the groups studied would also be found if everyone in the population participated in the study. Psychologists generally accept a difference as statistically significant if the likelihood of it having occurred by chance is less than 1 in 20—that is, a probability of less than 5 percent. Because one of the main objectives of psychological research is to generalize research findings to the population of interest, inferential statistics are the more valued type of statistic.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Conceptual

	4.	Describe the three basic techniques of data collection.

ANS:	
There are three basic techniques of data collection: (1) self-reports, (2) direct observations, and (3) archival information.

Collecting data using self-reports allows researchers to measure important subjective states such as people’s perceptions, emotions, or attitudes. Researchers often also directly observe people’s behavior, recording its quantity and direction of change over time. Finally, researchers will sometimes examine existing documents, or archives, to gather information. These accumulated records come from a wide variety of sources and can provide researchers with a great deal of valuable information.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b	MSC:	Factual

	5.	List at least four guidelines researchers should follow for conducting research with humans.

ANS:	
Some guidelines for conducting research with human participants are:

1. Provide enough information to possible participants about the activities they will perform in the study so they can freely give their informed consent.
2. Be truthful whenever possible. Deception should be used only when absolutely necessary and when adequate debriefing is provided.
3. Allow participants the right to decline to be a part of the study or to discontinue their participation at any point without this decision resulting in any negative consequences (for example, not receiving full payment for their participation).
4. Protect participants from both physical and psychological harm. If participants suffer any undesirable consequences, the researcher must do as much as possible to remove the damaging effects.
5. Ensure that any information provided by individual participants is kept confidential.
6. Debrief individuals once they have completed their participation. Explain all aspects of the research, attempt to answer all questions and resolve any negative feelings, and make sure they realize that their participation contributes to better scientific understanding.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3b | Table 1-2		MSC:	Conceptual

	6.	Design an experiment to test the effect of alcohol on memory. Include a discussion of your independent and dependent variables and experimental and control conditions.

ANS:	
Using the research techniques mentioned in the text, students will have to design an experiment to test the effect of alcohol on memory. All aspects of the experiment should be carefully documented.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Applied

	7.	How are naturalistic and participant observation similar? How are they different?

ANS:	
In both naturalistic and participant observation, the researcher observes behavior as it occurs in its natural environment. In naturalistic observation, the research does not influence the subjects’ behavior or interact with them. The researcher just observes and records. In participant observation, as in naturalistic observation, a researcher records behavior as it occurs in its natural environment but does so as a participant of the group being studied.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3c	MSC:	Factual

	8.	Explain why cause-and-effect relationships cannot be established using correlational methods.

ANS:	
In correlational studies, researchers measure how two variables are related to each other. Researchers do not manipulate either variable, as they do in experimental methods. Therefore, researchers are not able to determine if one of the variables in the study causes a change in the other variable. Correlational methods can only measure the relationships between variables.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3d | 1-3e	MSC:	Conceptual

	9.	Describe the Virtual Environment Technology that some psychologists have begun to use in research studies.

ANS:	
Some psychologists have begun using virtual environment technology (VET), in which they create a virtual research environment using a computer. Once this simulated reality is created, research participants wearing virtual reality equipment are “immersed” in the setting. A commonly used piece of virtual reality equipment is a head-mounted or binocular-style device that allows an individual to view 3-D images and to “walk” through the virtual environment. Although this type of simulated environment is completely controlled by the experimenter—even more than the traditional laboratory setting—it has a very “real-world” feel to it.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3e	MSC:	Factual

	10.	Explain random selection and why it is desirable.

ANS:	
Random selection provides researchers the highest level of confidence in their results because everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. The closer a sample is in representing the population, the greater confidence researchers have in generalizing their findings beyond the sample. However, random selection is not always possible.

PTS:	1	REF:	1-3a	MSC:	Factual|Conceptual