Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Your very shy and withdrawn uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical injury. He has been diagnosed with social phobia that you believe is entirely due to his lack of socialization during his teen years. Which of the following best describes your theory?
a.	one-dimensional	
b.	integrative	
c.	multidimensional	
d.	empirical	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	34	BLM:	Higher Order

	2.	Which of the following is a biological influence on blood-injury-injection phobia?
a.	an overreaction of a physiological mechanism that overcompensates for sudden increases in blood pressure	
b.	a genetic tendency to fear situations involving blood	
c.	hormonal abnormalities during the developmental period	
d.	overactivity of the fear mechanisms in the brain as they pertain to situations involving blood and injury	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	34	BLM:	Remember

	3.	Which of the following is the best analogy for the influence of genes on our cognitive development?
a.	They are like an ignition switch on a rocket that can go forever.	
b.	They are like a fence that holds us within a boundary.	
c.	They are like a door that leads us to our destiny.	
d.	They are like a hurdle that we must jump over.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	35	BLM:	Higher Order

	4.	Why are behaviour and personality described as polygenic?
a.	Both are rarely influenced by individual genes.	
b.	Both are influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.	
c.	Both are influenced by a few select genes, each exerting a large effect.	
d.	Both are a result of our genetic structure.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	36	BLM:	Higher Order

	5.	What does recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders indicate?
a.	Multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.	
b.	Single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.	
c.	Genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.	
d.	Little evidence suggests that genes actually influence psychopathology.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	37	BLM:	Remember

	6.	If Max and Matt are identical twins and you know that Max has a psychological disorder, what can you say about Matt?
a.	Matt will definitely have the disorder as well.	
b.	Matt has the same probability of having the disorder as the normal population.	
c.	Matt has a greater likelihood of having the disorder than the normal population, but less than he would if he were a dizygotic twin.	
d.	Matt is as likely to have the disorder as he would be if he was a non-twin sibling of Max.	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	37	BLM:	Higher Order

	7.	In the diathesis–stress model, what does “diathesis” refer to?
a.	conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are	
b.	an inherited, subclinical disease state that has the potential for developing into a full-blown psychological disorder, given certain environmental conditions	
c.	an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder	
d.	the interaction of social and psychological influences	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	37	BLM:	Remember

	8.	In the diathesis–stress model, what does “stress” refer to?
a.	life events that, in combination with an inherited tendency, trigger a disorder	
b.	inherited tendencies that, in combination with life events, trigger a disorder	
c.	the inability to cope with environmental demands	
d.	exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions, which trigger a disorder	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	37	BLM:	Higher Order

	9.	What does the diathesis–stress model predict about monozygotic twins raised in the same household?
a.	They will have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.	
b.	They will not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.	
c.	They will have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are similarly experienced.	
d.	They will not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	38	BLM:	Higher Order

	10.	Dr. Jenkins argues that it is possible to inherit certain genes that could develop into a disorder, even though the disorder may never be activated unless conditions of trauma, challenge, or anxiety are experienced.  Which model supports Dr. Jenkins’s hypothesis?
a.	the diathesis–stress model	
b.	the psycho–social model	
c.	the genetic model	
d.	the reciprocal gene–environment model	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	39	BLM:	Remember

	11.	Which model is characterized by the idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter anxious life events?
a.	the psycho–social model	
b.	the genetic model	
c.	the diathesis–stress model	
d.	the reciprocal gene–environment model	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	39	BLM:	Remember

	12.	John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, which model would best explain this situation and the cause of his depression?
a.	the interpersonal model	
b.	the reciprocal gene–environment model	
c.	the biological model	
d.	the diathesis–stress model	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	39	BLM:	Higher Order

	13.	Suppose you are a researcher who has bred rats to be emotional and reactive and then you cross-foster those rats so they are raised by calm mothers. What result would you expect?
a.	The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive as youths but calm when raising their own young.	
b.	The young animals will tend to be calm throughout their lives.	
c.	The young animals will tend to be mostly calm but emotional and reactive when faced with stressful situations.	
d.	The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	40	BLM:	Higher Order

	14.	Dana has experienced an injury and can no longer detect some sensory information. Which of Dana’s nervous systems is damaged?
a.	her peripheral nervous system	
b.	her central nervous system	
c.	her sympathetic nervous system	
d.	her parasympathetic nervous system	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Higher Order

	15.	Which of the following occupations is an analogy for the main function of neurotransmitters?
a.	doorman at a hotel	
b.	a messenger in a busy city	
c.	a conductor of a train	
d.	an actor in a play	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Higher Order

	16.	Which nervous system processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary?
a.	the peripheral nervous system	
b.	the central nervous system	
c.	the sympathetic nervous system	
d.	the parasympathetic nervous system	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Remember

	17.	Why are neurotransmitters important?
a.	because they allow neurons to send signals to other neurons	
b.	because they are converted into electrical impulses	
c.	because they nurture the neuronal structures of the brain	
d.	because they allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Remember

	18.	How can neurotransmitters negatively affect psychological functioning?
a.	when they are chemically transformed and not recognizable by the brain	
b.	when the wrong neurotransmitters come in contact with a neuron	
c.	when production of neurotransmitters is either excessive or insufficient	
d.	when an individual produces antibodies that make neurotransmitters ineffective	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Higher Order

	19.	Sarah is experiencing a lot of anxiety. If doctors looked at her neurotransmitter levels, what would they most likely find?
a.	reduced levels of norepinephrine	
b.	excessive levels of dopamine	
c.	reduced levels of GABA	
d.	excessive levels of serotonin	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	41	BLM:	Higher Order

	20.	What do we call the area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron?
a.	the neural cleft	
b.	the dendritic opening	
c.	the axon terminal	
d.	the synaptic cleft	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	42	BLM:	Remember

	21.	If you had to choose one brain area to protect so that you could stay alive, which would it be?
a.	the frontal lobes	
b.	the brain stem	
c.	the forebrain	
d.	the midbrain	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	43	BLM:	Higher Order

	22.	Maya has experienced brain damage that has left her with difficulty sleeping and the problem of being hyperaroused. Which area of the brain was most likely damaged??
a.	the pons	
b.	the medulla	
c.	the hypothalamus	
d.	the reticular activating system	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	43	BLM:	Higher Order

	23.	What part of the brain stem regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion?
a.	the forebrain	
b.	the thalamus	
c.	the reticular activating system	
d.	the hindbrain	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	43	BLM:	Remember

	24.	Janice is having difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her muscle movements. Assuming her problems result from a brain injury, which of the following would you first examine?
a.	the cerebellum	
b.	the medulla	
c.	the thalamus	
d.	the midbrain	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	43	BLM:	Higher Order

	25.	Alex has a form of epilepsy that affects his limbic system. What sort of behaviour is Alex most likely to display while having a seizure?
a.	lack of body posture and uncoordinated movement	
b.	unusual emotional expressions and aggression	
c.	disturbed sleep	
d.	difficulty breathing	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	43	BLM:	Higher Order

	26.	If you put all the neurons from a brain in a hat and randomly selected one, which area would the neuron most likely have come from?
a.	the basal ganglia	
b.	the midbrain	
c.	the cerebral cortex	
d.	the brain stem	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	44	BLM:	Higher Order

	27.	Jeffrey is writing a paper on philosophical theories of morality. Which part of Jeffrey’s brain would a PET scan show to be most active at this time?
a.	the hindbrain	
b.	the cerebral cortex	
c.	the midbrain	
d.	the limbic system	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	44	BLM:	Higher Order

	28.	Where in the brain are verbal and cognitive processes usually controlled?
a.	across the entire cortex	
b.	in the midbrain	
c.	in the left hemisphere of the cortex	
d.	in the right hemisphere of the cortex	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	44	BLM:	Higher Order

	29.	Sandra had part of her brain removed to control epilepsy and as a result she can no longer solve problems that require visual imagery. What area of the brain did Sandra have removed?
a.	part of the left hemisphere of the cortex	
b.	part the right hemisphere of the cortex	
c.	part of the pons	
d.	part of the midbrain	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	44	BLM:	Higher Order

	30.	Martha suffered a serious head injury and has since experienced difficulty recognizing specific sights and sounds. Which lobe of her brain has most likely been damaged?
a.	the temporal lobe	
b.	the parietal lobe	
c.	the frontal lobe	
d.	the occipital lobe	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	44	BLM:	Higher Order

	31.	What is the major function of the peripheral nervous system?
a.	to control hormonal activity	
b.	to regulate arousal	
c.	to coordinate with the brain stem to ensure the body is working properly	
d.	to process information received from the central nervous system	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Remember

	32.	What does the peripheral nervous system include?
a.	the somatic and autonomic nervous system	
b.	the brain stem and cortex	
c.	the brain and spinal cord	
d.	the endocrine system	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Remember

	33.	Which of the following parts of the brain is most associated with memory, thought, and reasoning?
a.	the left parietal lobe	
b.	the brain stem	
c.	the occipital lobe	
d.	the frontal lobe	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Remember

	34.	What is the term for the system comprised of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
a.	the peripheral nervous system	
b.	the central nervous system	
c.	the sympathetic nervous system	
d.	the parasympathetic nervous system	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Remember

	35.	Which of the following is most likely to be hindered by damage to the somatic nervous system?
a.	voluntary movement	
b.	thinking and reasoning	
c.	the fight-or-flight response	
d.	breathing and sleeping	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Higher Order

	36.	You read in the newspaper that a mother lifted a car to free her trapped child. Which of the mother’s systems was highly activated to perform this feat?
a.	the central nervous system	
b.	the sympathetic nervous system	
c.	the limbic system	
d.	the parasympathetic nervous system	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Higher Order

	37.	Hannah is home alone late at night when she hears a loud, frightening noise. Her heart begins pounding, her muscles tense up, and her senses sharpen. Which of the following systems is causing Hannah’s reaction?
a.	the sympathetic nervous system	
b.	the limbic system	
c.	the parasympathetic nervous system	
d.	the central nervous system	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Higher Order

	38.	Christina sits down to relax in her soft chair after a long, tiring day. As she sits reading her paper, she grows more relaxed. Her breathing and heart rate slow down and her muscles loosen. Which of the following systems is causing Christina’s relaxation?
a.	the limbic system	
b.	the central nervous system	
c.	the parasympathetic nervous system	
d.	the sympathetic nervous system	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	45	BLM:	Higher Order

	39.	Which of the following is a phenomenon that results in an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter activity in the brain?
a.	neural stimulation	
b.	reuptake	
c.	systematic manipulation	
d.	neural inhibition	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	47	BLM:	Remember

	40.	Dr. Henry wants to increase the amount of serotonin circulating in Brian’s brain. What specific type of drug will Dr. Henry choose to prescribe?
a.	an antagonist	
b.	an decelerator	
c.	an agonist	
d.	a psychotropic	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	47	BLM:	Higher Order

	41.	Dr. Amin wants to decrease the amount of dopamine circulating in Rashid’s brain. Which specific type of drug will Dr. Amin prescribe?
a.	a blocker	
b.	an agonist	
c.	an antagonist	
d.	a reuptake inhibitor	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	47	BLM:	Higher Order

	42.	Which of the following decreases neurotransmitter activity?
a.	blockers	
b.	agonists	
c.	antagonists	
d.	reuptake inhibitors	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	47	BLM:	Remember

	43.	Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the regulation of mood, behaviour, and thought processes?
a.	GABA	
b.	norepinephrine	
c.	dopamine	
d.	serotonin	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	48	BLM:	Remember

	44.	In which of the following cases is low serotonin activity NOT likely to lead to destructive or impulsive behaviours?
a.	if the parasympathetic system is activated	
b.	if adrenalin levels remain high	
c.	if the individual exercises sufficient self-control	
d.	if other biological, social, or psychological influences compensate for the low serotonin activity	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	48	BLM:	Remember

	45.	In addition to reducing anxiety, what broader role does GABA play?
a.	It reduces overall arousal and tempers emotional responses.	
b.	It eases depression.	
c.	It lessens psychotic behaviours associated with schizophrenia.	
d.	It moderates emergency reactions and alarm responses.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	48	BLM:	Remember

	46.	Sean’s doctor thinks that Sean has low serontonin levels. What sorts of behaviour would lead the doctor to suspect serotonin is low?
a.	Sean is showing aggression, suicidal ideation, and impulsive behaviour.	
b.	Sean is showing symptoms of schizophrenia.	
c.	Sean is exhibiting anxiety and nervousness.	
d.	Sean is exhibiting mania.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	48	BLM:	Higher Order

	47.	Which neurotransmitter is thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioural tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behaviour or psychological disorders?
a.	norepinephrine	
b.	GABA	
c.	serotonin	
d.	dopamine	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	49	BLM:	Remember

	48.	Which of the following has dopamine been implicated in?
a.	attention deficit hyperactive disorder and depression	
b.	schizophrenia and disorders of addiction	
c.	depression and disorders of addiction	
d.	schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactive disorder	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	49	BLM:	Remember

	49.	Karl has been given a medication that reduces dopamine; however, doctors suspect that Karl has taken too much of the medication because of the side effects he is showing. Which of the following described side effects could Karl be showing?
a.	muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment	
b.	extreme aggression	
c.	compulsive pleasure-seeking behaviours	
d.	delusions and hallucinations	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	50	BLM:	Higher Order

	50.	Why is it unlikely that damage in specific structures of the brain itself causes a psychological disorder?
a.	because psychological disorders typically involve emotional, behavioural, and cognitive symptoms	
b.	because genetic factors exert an overriding influence on the development of most psychological disorders	
c.	because other parts of the brain will compensate for the damage	
d.	because environmental factors are the major factor in the development of most psychological disorders	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	50	BLM:	Higher Order

	51.	In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter and colleagues, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were provided with cognitive-behavioural therapy but no drugs. What important result did the brain imaging show?
a.	Neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.	
b.	Neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.	
c.	The patients’ OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.	
d.	The neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	51	BLM:	Remember

	52.	What has brain imaging research revealed about cognitive-behavioural therapy?
a.	Psychosocial factors such as therapy can affect neurotransmitter activity.	
b.	Drugs are the most essential means to alter faulty neurotransmitter circuits.	
c.	Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act.	
d.	Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	51	BLM:	Remember

	53.	Dr. Tracy conducts an experiment where participants are given a mild shock followed by either a placebo or an opioid. When Dr. Tracy asks participants about pain relief and studies pain-related areas of their brains, what will Dr. Tracy find?
a.	Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but only the opioid affected the region responsible for the control of the pain response in the brain.	
b.	The placebo reduced pain but didn’t relieve pain as well as the opioid drug.	
c.	Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, and they affected similar regions in the brain stem.	
d.	Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but they affected completely different regions in the brain.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	52	BLM:	Higher Order

	54.	In their study comparing a placebo to opioid drugs, what did Petrovic and colleagues (2002) conclude?
a.	Psychological factors can affect brain function.	
b.	Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.	
c.	Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.	
d.	Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	52	BLM:	Higher Order

	55.	Insel and colleagues (1988) raised two groups of rhesus monkeys. One group had the ability to control their environment, while the other group had no control. What happened when the monkeys were injected with a drug that produced a feeling of severe anxiety?
a.	The monkeys raised with a sense of control were calm, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared very anxious.	
b.	The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared very anxious.	
c.	The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared anxious, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive.	
d.	The monkeys in both groups appeared angry and aggressive.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	52	BLM:	Remember

	56.	Insel and colleagues (1988) conducted a study in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a sense of control or without a sense of control, and they were later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug. What did the researchers conclude?
a.	Chemicals such as neurotransmitters influence behaviour in different ways depending upon the psychological history of the individual.	
b.	Chemicals such as neurotransmitters may have little or no effect on behaviours related to anxiety.	
c.	Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have only indirect effects on behaviour.	
d.	Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have few reliable and consistent effects on observed behaviour.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	52	BLM:	Higher Order

	57.	Which of the following describes the research results of Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a.	Genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.	
b.	While psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the physical changes in the brain caused by such experiences.	
c.	Psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.	
d.	Early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	53	BLM:	Higher Order

	58.	Which of the following can be concluded from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure done by Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a.	Early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology.	
b.	Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will determine whether the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.	
c.	Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.	
d.	Early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	53	BLM:	Higher Order

	59.	Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990) compared the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behaviour with the brains of rats raised as “couch potatoes.”  What did the researchers find regarding the cerebellums of the more active rats?
a.	They contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.	
b.	They contained more serotonin receptors.	
c.	They contained a greater number of axons and norepinephrine circuits.	
d.	They were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Remember

	60.	How does recent research evidence describe the relationship between the brain (structure, function, neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events)?
a.	It is a system in which the brain directly influences behaviour and psychosocial factors but not the other way around.	
b.	It is system of interchanges that are far too complex to fully capture with present-day neurological technologies.	
c.	It is an interaction in which the brain affects psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors affect the brain.	
d.	It is a system in which behaviour and psychosocial factors affect the brain but not the other way around.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	53–54	BLM:	Higher Order

	61.	Which of the following can be created by placing a rat in a cage where occasionally electrical shocks are administered through the floor, over which the rat has no control?
a.	unconscious learning	
b.	operant conditioning	
c.	stimulus generalization	
d.	learned helplessness	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	54–55	BLM:	Higher Order

	62.	It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles a psychological disorder in humans. What is this disorder?
a.	mania	
b.	depression	
c.	schizophrenia	
d.	generalized anxiety disorder	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Higher Order

	63.	Terri believes that no matter how hard she studies, she will never succeed in college. What does this example illustrate?
a.	learned helplessness	
b.	unconscious learning	
c.	negative reinforcement	
d.	vicarious learning	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Higher Order

	64.	What term did Seligman coin to refer to people’s tendency to display a positive, upbeat attitude even when they are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives?
a.	positive attribution	
b.	resilience	
c.	optimistic coping style	
d.	learned optimism	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Higher Order

	65.	Which of the following is likely if Terry has a more optimistic personality than his brother Barry?
a.	Terry will likely live seven-and-a-half years longer than Barry.	
b.	Terry is less likely to have a heart attack than Barry.	
c.	Terry is likely to have had fewer stressful events in his life so far than Barry.	
d.	Terry is likely to have experienced significantly more stressful events in his life than Barry.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Higher Order

	66.	Which of the following theorists is responsible for the research that conceptualized the term “modelling”?
a.	Donald Meichenbaum	
b.	Albert Bandura	
c.	Aaron Beck	
d.	Martin Seligman	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Remember

	67.	Which of the following did Albert Bandura teach us about modelling, or observational learning?
a.	Learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behaviour acquired through classical or operant conditioning.	
b.	Much of our learned behaviour depends upon our interactions with those around us.	
c.	Our learned behaviour has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us.	
d.	It is impossible to learn behavioural patterns without observing those around us.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Remember

	68.	Bandura’s theory of vicarious learning includes noticing, remembering, and exhibiting the model’s behaviour. What additional step in the process does Bandura’s research also suggest?
a.	motivation from seeing the model rewarded	
b.	reinforcement from seeing the model rewarded	
c.	the belief that the model’s behaviour was appropriate for the situation	
d.	identification with the model	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Remember

	69.	A series of studies examining Bandura’s theory of vicarious learning in children indicated that the steps involved include the child noticing, remembering, and being motivated to exhibit the model’s behaviour. The basic idea in this work is that a careful analysis of which of the following is important for producing accurate predictions of behaviour?
a.	cognitive processes	
b.	social interactions	
c.	early play behaviour	
d.	rewards and punishments	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	55	BLM:	Remember

	70.	Professor Knots is talking to her class about the tendency for people to fear spiders but not flowers.  Which of the following could be an excerpt from her lecture?
a.	“Over the course of evolution, this knowledge has contributed to the survival of the species.”	
b.	“We have watched many others exhibit these fears and so have vicariously learned them.”	
c.	“We are exposed to them more frequently.”	
d.	“We are reinforced in our environment for some fears more than others.”	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	56	BLM:	Higher Order

	71.	“Blind sight” is a good example of cognitive science’s conception of the unconscious. If an individual is affected by blind sight, what is that person doing?
a.	retrieving explicit memories of episodic experiences	
b.	demonstrating that he or she has primitive emotional conflicts	
c.	processing and storing information and acting on it without awareness	
d.	utilizing implicit memories of visual stimuli	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	56	BLM:	Remember

	72.	What does research imply about the nature of the unconscious?
a.	It clearly exists but in a very different way than Freud imagined.	
b.	It clearly exists in much the same way that Freud imagined.	
c.	It clearly exists in much the same way that Jung envisioned it.	
d.	It may or may not exist as it is impossible to study material of which we are not aware.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	56	BLM:	Remember

	73.	Which of the following is an example of the unconscious as it is conceptualized by cognitive science?
a.	classical conditioning	
b.	implicit memory	
c.	ego development	
d.	vicarious learning	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	56	BLM:	Remember

	74.	When the Stroop paradigm was used in a study of women who were chronic dieters or “restrained eaters,” what did Francis and colleagues (1997) find about the restrained eaters, as compared to women who were normal eaters?
a.	The restrained eaters showed substantially slowed colour-naming for food-related words.	
b.	The restrained eaters were able to name significantly more food-related words.	
c.	The restrained eaters showed substantially faster colour-naming for food-related words.	
d.	The restrained eaters were able to name significantly fewer food-related words.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	57	BLM:	Remember

	75.	From their review of studies examining Stroop effects in eating-disordered samples, what did Dobson and Dozois (2004) find in the colour-naming for body/weight words in those with anorexia?
a.	Those with anorexia were more accurate.	
b.	Those with anorexia were less accurate.	
c.	Those with anorexia were slower.	
d.	Those with anorexia were faster.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	57	BLM:	Remember

	76.	What did Aaron Beck, the originator of cognitive-behavioural therapy, assume that depression is largely influenced by?
a.	an interaction between maladaptive neurotransmitter pathways and behaviours	
b.	thinking too much about one’s failures in life	
c.	unconscious thoughts that lead to maladaptive life situations	
d.	faulty attributions and attitudes	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	57	BLM:	Remember

	77.	Donald Meichenbaum developed self-instructional training for the treatment of depression. What is the goal of this treatment?
a.	to help the client develop more meaningful interpersonal relationships on his or her own	
b.	to help the client identify unconscious conflicts from childhood	
c.	to help the client identify faulty attributions regarding negative life events	
d.	to help the client modify what the client says to him- or herself about the consequences of his or her behaviour	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	57	BLM:	Remember

	78.	A patient treated for an anxiety disorder has been directed to monitor her thoughts and stop thinking so much about how many things can go wrong. At the same time, she is practising relaxation exercises and trying to spend more time in situations that she fears. What type of treatment is she receiving?
a.	cognitive-behavioural therapy	
b.	behavioural reconditioning	
c.	classical conditioning	
d.	psychoanalytic therapy	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	58	BLM:	Higher Order

	79.	You and a friend are lost while walking a street in a foreign city. A stranger approaches and you are concerned that the stranger may try to mug you. Your friend assumes that the stranger is approaching to give you directions. As the stranger approaches, you experience fear but your friend experiences relief. How can your different emotional reactions be explained?
a.	by the cognitive theory of emotion	
b.	by the affective theory of emotion	
c.	by the attributional theory of emotion	
d.	by the implicit theory of emotion	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	58–59	BLM:	Higher Order

	80.	What is emotion generally thought to comprise?
a.	behaviour, physiology, and mood	
b.	behaviour, physiology, and cognition	
c.	mood and affect	
d.	cognition, behaviour, and affect	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	59	BLM:	Remember

	81.	How is the relationship between emotion and health demonstrated?
a.	by the fact that sustained hostility with angry outbursts increases the risk of heart disease	
b.	by the fact that panic is related to poor concentration	
c.	by the fact that those in poor physical health almost always develop psychological disorders	
d.	by the fact that people with chronic diseases are often angry about their care	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	60	BLM:	Remember

	82.	What do the evil eye, the Latin American disorder susto, and the Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death all exemplify?
a.	unsubstantiated myths that people can become ill without physical cause	
b.	the influence of the social environment on our physical and psychological health	
c.	isolated cultural phenomena with little practical significance	
d.	the power of the supernatural model of psychopathology	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Remember

	83.	Why are women more likely than men to suffer from insect phobias?
a.	because of cultural expectations	
b.	because of their traditional role in the home, where they are more likely to encounter insects	
c.	because of differences in neurochemical pathways	
d.	because of hormonal differences	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Remember

	84.	What is one reason why men are less likely than women to experience depression in response to stress?
a.	Men are more likely to engage in activity to take their minds off the negative event.	
b.	Men are more likely to drink alcohol to relieve stress.	
c.	Men are more likely to think about the negative event afterward and solve the problem.	
d.	Men are less likely to experience stressful events in the first place.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Remember

	85.	Michael and Marie lost their parents in a tragic accident. Marie has developed depression while Michael has not. Dr. Guthrie thinks that the difference is due to the siblings’ genders. Which of the following is Dr. Guthrie likely to cite to support her claim?
a.	Men have fewer social relationships than women, which may protect them from additional stress.	
b.	When experiencing a negative event, women tend to ruminate about it and to blame themselves.	
c.	Men are more likely to self-medicate their depressive feelings with alcohol.	
d.	Men are more likely to simply endure feelings of depression, which makes the feelings pass more quickly.	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Higher Order

	86.	What has research found about people who have many social contacts and live their lives continually interacting with others?
a.	They tend to ruminate about negative life events less often.	
b.	They tend to suffer lower overall rates of alcoholism.	
c.	They tend to live longer and healthier lives.	
d.	They tend to be at a higher risk for some psychological disorders such as dependency.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Remember

	87.	In their research exposing subjects to the virus that causes the common cold, what did Cohen and colleagues (1997) demonstrate?
a.	The quality of social contact predicted whether the individual would contract a cold, but the frequency of social contact did not.	
b.	The frequency of social contact and chances of contracting a cold were unrelated.	
c.	The less frequent the individual’s social contact, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.	
d.	The more frequent the individual’s social contact, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	62	BLM:	Remember

	88.	Research by Grant and colleagues (1988) found that older adults who have fewer social contacts were more likely to suffer from depression than those who have more frequent social contacts. If the individuals with fewer social contacts became physically ill, what tended to happen?
a.	They were less likely to ask their families for support.	
b.	They were even less likely to receive support from their families.	
c.	They were more likely to receive substantial social support from their families than those who are not ill.	
d.	They were more likely to recover from the depression.	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	89.	When people with and without support groups are studied, what have researchers found?
a.	Support groups are the most important factor predicting social and physical health.	
b.	Having a supportive group of people around us is important to our psychological well- being but not our physical health.	
c.	Social support is important but mostly for those individuals who are at high risk for various physical or psychological disorders.	
d.	Having a supportive group of people around us is important to our physical health but not our psychological well-being.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	90.	Depression and schizophrenia seem to appear in all cultures but tend to be characterized by different symptoms within individual cultures. For example, Chinese depressed patients tend to report fewer affective and cognitive symptoms of depression. What is the most likely cause of this disparity?
a.	the perception in Chinese society that the affective expression of depression is self-centred and threatening to the social structure	
b.	differences in diagnostic measures used in different cultures	
c.	a history of oppression, which deters reporting	
d.	genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	91.	According to your textbook, the elevated rates of some psychological disorders in First Nations people are probably due to the contributions of poverty and another factor. What is this second factor?
a.	differences in diagnostic criteria used in assessments of First Nations people	
b.	genetic differences between First Nations people and non-First Nations people	
c.	a history of oppression by a majority culture	
d.	cultural differences in the expression of mental illnesses	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	92.	Because psychological disorders are still associated with social stigma (people tend to think that the disorder is something to be ashamed of), which of the following becomes more likely to happen?
a.	People with psychological disorders will not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery.	
b.	People with psychological disorders will be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help.	
c.	People with psychological disorders will be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders.	
d.	People with psychological disorders will seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	93.	In interpersonal psychotherapy, the patient and therapist work together on identifying life stresses that may have contributed to the psychological disorder. What else have these life stresses most likely contributed to?
a.	current interpersonal problems that are either the source of the stress or closely connected to it	
b.	the ways in which such stressors interfere with current relationships	
c.	the patient’s history of dysfunctional personal relationships	
d.	the frequency and quality of current social contacts	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Higher Order

	94.	What is the average duration of interpersonal psychotherapy?
a.	5–10 sessions	
b.	10–15 sessions	
c.	15–20 sessions	
d.	20–25 sessions	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	63	BLM:	Remember

	95.	According to a life-span psychologist, in order to understand a patient’s disorder, what must one also understand?
a.	how the individual has resolved interpersonal conflict throughout life	
b.	how experiences during different periods of development may influence the individual’s vulnerability to some psychological disorders	
c.	how the individual mastered key developmental tasks throughout various life stages	
d.	how the individual developed during psychosexual stages	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Higher Order

	96.	When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, patients are essentially taking snapshots of their lives at the moment. Who considers this approach incomplete in our understanding of psychopathology?
a.	life-span psychologists	
b.	humanists	
c.	cognitive-behaviourists	
d.	existentialists	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	63–64	BLM:	Higher Order

	97.	Kolb and colleagues (2003) exposed juvenile, adult, or very old animals to challenging and complex environments. What did they find about this kind of environment?
a.	It had different effects on the animals’ brains depending on their developmental stage.	
b.	It had a negative effect on the older animals’ brains but had no effect on the younger animals.	
c.	It had a negative effect on the young animals’ cognitive functioning when they became adults.	
d.	It had positive effects on the cognitive functioning of all the animals, regardless of age.	

ANS:	A	PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Remember

	98.	What is exemplified by the fact that some behaviours can be symptoms of many different disorders?
a.	pathogenesis	
b.	equifinality	
c.	orthogonal causation	
d.	psychopathology	

ANS:	B	PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Remember

	99.	What does the term “equifinality” refer to?
a.	the fact that many causes of psychopathology are equal in influence	
b.	the fact that all forms of psychopathology have similar causes	
c.	the fact that a number of paths can lead to the same outcome	
d.	the fact that the same path can lead to different outcomes	

ANS:	C	PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Remember

	100.	John’s parents both suffer from depression and, as a result, he is being exposed to a great deal of negative emotion during his developmental years. What can we conclude about John?
a.	He may or may not develop depression, but we could determine this if we knew more about factors such as his social support.	
b.	He will develop depression due to the genetic predisposition and the home environment.	
c.	He is no more likely to develop depression than any other child as long as he has friends and does not have difficulties as a child.	
d.	He is at higher risk for depression but may never develop the disorder.	

ANS:	D	PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Higher Order

ESSAY

	1.	Describe the diathesis–stress model. Use the model to explain how one monozygotic twin suffers from clinical depression while the other does not.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	37–38	BLM:	Higher Order		

	2.	Describe the basic components of the reciprocal gene–environment model. Describe the method and findings of one study described in your textbook that illustrates this model. How might this model be misinterpreted by some people?

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	39–40	BLM:	Higher Order		

	3.	Identify and describe the two major components of the peripheral nervous system and discuss their roles in various psychological disorders. Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions often operate in a complementary fashion during periods of stress.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	45–46	BLM:	Remember

	4.	Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behaviour) usually work as either agonists or antagonists for various neurotransmitters. Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter. Explain the process of reuptake inhibition and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	47–48	BLM:	Remember

	5.	Name three important neurotransmitters and describe what impact each one is thought to have on human experience.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	47–49	BLM:	Remember

	6.	Describe learned helplessness. How is it developed in laboratory animals and how does it help us to understand human depression?

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	54–55	BLM:	Remember

	7.	Explain the difference between the modern cognitive science view of the unconscious and the Freudian idea of the unconscious.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	56–57	BLM:	Remember

	8.	What does the cognitive-behavioural model assume to be the cause of depression, and what basic therapy strategy is used in this model for depressed patients? What are “automatic thoughts” and from where do they arise? Give an illustrative example.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	58	BLM:	Remember

	9.	Socialization is considered one of the most important parts of human experience. Describe gender differences in animal phobias, depression, and panic disorder. Explain how differential gender socialization may contribute to these differences.

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	61	BLM:	Remember

	10.	Describe the concept of equifinality. What does this concept say regarding the causes of psychopathology?

ANS:	
Student responses will vary.

PTS:	1	REF:	64	BLM:	Remember