Chapter 02
The Upheaval in Western Christendom, 1300-1560

Multiple Choice Questions
 
1. (p. 53) Secularization, a process that transformed the civilization of Latin Christendom prior to any other world civilization, means: 
A. the rejection of ancestral religions.
B. the development of a variety of interests and activities outside the sphere of religion.
C. the development of industrial technology but the discouragement of natural science.
D. the encouragement of natural philosophy and science but the neglect, or even rejection, of industrial technology.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
2. (p. 53-54) During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, medieval Europe suffered all of the following disasters except: 
A. the Ottoman Turks besieged Constantinople.
B. the Protestant religious revolution undermined the authority of the papacy and of the Roman Catholic Church.
C. the Black Death wiped out about a third of Europe's population.
D. the Arabs conquered Spain and Italy.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
3. (p. 54) After the Black Death, all of the following occurred except: 
A. a massive peasant insurrection.
B. a rise in wages for survivors.
C. the development of the model for modern hospitals.
D. famines.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. (p. 56) One of the most important consequences of the Hundred Years' War was that: 
A. Parliament widened its powers in England.
B. England and France entered an extended period of peace and solidarity.
C. both England and France began to tax the clergy.
D. French armies ravaged England.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
5. (p. 56-57) The cause of the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Roman Catholic Church was: 
A. the transference of the pope from Rome to Avignon, where he was regarded as a tool of French monarchy.
B. the failure of Pope Boniface VIII to oppose the plans of the kings of England and France to tax church lands.
C. the willingness of the Church to reform the papal system.
D. the extravagance and worldliness of the papal rule.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
6. (p. 58-59) During the first half of the fifteenth century, the conciliar movement in the Catholic Church: 
A. tried to reunite the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches.
B. unsuccessfully attempted to conciliate the protestants of Germany and Bohemia.
C. succeeded, after a long struggle, in reducing the pope's authority to that of a constitutional monarch and ended the practices of simony and nepotism.
D. reunited Roman Catholicism, extirpated heresy, and sought to reform the church from top to bottom.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7. (p. 60) Which of the following statements regarding the Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth century is true? 
A. The Renaissance marked a new era in thought and feeling, by which Europe and its institutions in the long run were to be transformed.
B. The Renaissance witnessed the birth of the modern natural sciences.
C. Leading thinkers of the Renaissance believed life to be a brief preparation for the hereafter.
D. The Italian cultural influence of the Renaissance in other European countries was weak and short-lived.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
8. (p. 60) Which of the following factors helps explain the reason for the initiation of the Renaissance in Italy? 
A. The towns of Italy were the most economically active of all the towns that appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages.
B. The effect of Black Death was less severe in Italy than elsewhere.
C. Trade and commerce flourished due to patronage by the pope.
D. The Holy Roman Empire's control over north and central Italy ensured relative peace and stability.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
9. (p. 61) All of the following statements about fifteenth century Florence are true except: 
A. it was a moderately large Italian city.
B. it was dominated by wealthy landowners who exported Chianti wine throughout Europe.
C. it produced an amazing number of the leading figures of the Italian Renaissance.
D. its history can be summarized in that of the Medici family.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. (p. 62) In the fifteenth century, a new conception of life arose in Italy involving all of the following attitudes except: 
A. a sense of the vast range of human powers.
B. an appreciation for civic consciousness and individualism.
C. the enjoyment of wealth.
D. admiration for the life of contemplation and meditation.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
11. (p. 64-66) How did the art of Renaissance Italy differ from medieval art? 
A. The space in Renaissance art tended to be indeterminate.
B. Medieval artisans created freestanding sculptures, while Renaissance sculptors filled the niches and portals of the great cathedrals with statues.
C. Renaissance art demonstrated a greater appreciation for concrete realities.
D. Renaissance art expressed private fantasies and the working of the unconscious.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
12. (p. 66-67) Humanism, the key literary movement of Renaissance Italy, involved all of the following except: 
A. the beginning of literature in its modern sense.
B. a cult of antiquity.
C. an interest in political and civic questions.
D. an interest in learning Arabic.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
13. (p. 68) One reason Petrarch was important for the Renaissance was because: 
A. he raised considerations of moral philosophy in his writings without subordinating them to religious belief.
B. he denounced St. Augustine, whose writings formed one of the great pillars of medieval civilization.
C. he was the first to write in Italian rather than Latin.
D. he championed law and the legal profession.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. (p. 67-68) Florentine became the standard form of modern Italian language: 
A. as Italian humanists never wrote their literary works in Latin.
B. with the popularization of the dialect through literary texts like Dante's Divine Comedy.
C. as Italian humanists rejected the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome.
D. because Petrarch condemned the use of Florentine as a written language.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
15. (p. 70) Which of the following is a feature of schooling during the Renaissance? 
A. It encouraged women to study in universities.
B. It grouped students by social ranking rather than age or level of achievement.
C. It grouped students by age and level of achievement.
D. It discouraged the study of languages.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
16. (p. 71) As revealed in Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, the ideal Renaissance man: 
A. should be proficient in sports and arms and not waste time studying dead languages like Greek and Latin.
B. should be familiar with literary and other subjects, converse with ease, and dance well.
C. should be extremely well-educated in order to win arguments through displays of learning.
D. should be inconsiderate about the feelings of others.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
17. (p. 72) Marriage in Renaissance Italy: 
A. was often based upon love rather than family alliances intended to enhance social rankings.
B. usually took place between men and women of approximately the same age.
C. was usually based upon the negotiations of parents hoping to enhance their respective social positions.
D. undermined the gender divisions in families.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. (p. 73-74) Niccolò Machiavelli's writings on politics were significant because: 
A. he emancipated politics from theology and moral philosophy.
B. he reinforced the idea that political rulers were subject to moral considerations.
C. he discouraged the secularization of politics.
D. he discouraged political rulers from acting in their own interests.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
19. (p. 74-75) How did the northern Renaissance differ from the one in Italy? 
A. The break with the Middle Ages was more distinct in the north.
B. In the northern Renaissance, the religious element was much stronger.
C. In the northern Renaissance, painting techniques were less innovative.
D. All of these are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
20. (p. 74) Which of the following was a reason for the decline of Italian Renaissance in the sixteenth century? 
A. Italy became unified as a large state that was rich in art, trade, and commerce.
B. The Turks invaded Italy, sacking Rome in 1527.
C. In 1494 a Spanish army crossed the Alps, and Italy became a bone of contention between Germany and Spain.
D. Italy became vulnerable to the large political and military institutions from Spain and the north.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
21. (p. 76) All of the following are true about the growth of religious mysticism in northern Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries except: 
A. mystics found no need to join other people in open worship.
B. mystics did not want sacraments to be administered by priests.
C. mystics rebelled against the church.
D. some mystics' ideas later influenced Martin Luther.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22. (p. 77) Erasmus of Rotterdam was the greatest of all the: 
A. religious mystics.
B. northern humanists.
C. Renaissance popes.
D. condottieri.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
23. (p. 78) Which of the following statements is true of the New Monarchs of the fifteenth century? 
A. They lost the support of townsmen but gained the favor of serfs.
B. They favored Roman law over common law.
C. They fought for the restoration of the historic liberties of the feudal classes.
D. They relied increasingly upon the nobility to provide them with armies.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
24. (p. 78-79) All of the following statements are true about the new monarchies of the late fifteenth century except: 
A. they pursued strategies of centralizing their authority and power.
B. townspeople preferred the increased authority of the new monarchs because parliaments usually served the interests of the nobility.
C. they laid the foundations for the national or territorial state.
D. on the Continent, they used the older precedent of common law to entrench their authority.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
25. (p. 79) One reason the French kings never adopted Protestantism was that: 
A. they were satisfied by the reforms enacted by the 1511 Council of Pisa.
B. the pope promised Francis I that he would summon a new council to reform the church.
C. they already controlled the French church by virtue of having established the right to appoint bishops.
D. there were never more than a handful of Protestants in France.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26. (p. 81) Which of the following German states was ruled by the ecclesiastical lords in the early fourteenth century? 
A. Saxony
B. Brandenburg
C. Bavaria
D. Mainz

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
27. (p. 80) In Spain, the terms "Morisco" and "Marrano" referred to: 
A. Christians of Moorish and Jewish backgrounds.
B. Christians of Calvinist and Lutheran backgrounds.
C. Islamic invaders from Morocco and New Spain.
D. the former residents of the small Islamic states of southern Spain.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
28. (p. 81) Which of the following did not form a part of the inheritance of Charles V, ruler of the largest European empire since imperial Rome? 
A. Austria
B. The Netherlands
C. France
D. Castile and Aragon in Spain

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
29. (p. 82-83) The factors that led to the Protestant Reformation include all of the following except: 
A. the decline of the church.
B. the division of Germany.
C. the growth of the "new monarchy."
D. the fears felt in Europe, especially in Spain, of possible absorption by the French Valois.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30. (p. 85) According to Martin Luther, the authority to define true Christian belief was located in: 
A. the church council.
B. the pope.
C. the priesthood.
D. each individual's own conscience.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
31. (p. 86) What was Luther's reaction to the rise in revolt of the German peasants in 1524, demanding social and economic reforms? 
A. He urged German princes to suppress them with the sword.
B. He called for the adoption of all the peasants' demands.
C. He ignored the issue and concentrated on religious questions.
D. He succeeded in persuading German princes to make some concessions.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
32. (p. 88-89) The Peace of Augsburg, in 1555, _____. 
A. was a complete victory for Catholics over Lutherans
B. provided for individual freedom of choice in Germany
C. was a victory for Lutheranism and states' rights
D. gave Catholic bishops complete control over church lands

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
33. (p. 89) John Calvin addressed the world in the severe, logical style of a: 
A. statesman.
B. lawyer.
C. professor.
D. merchant.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34. (p. 90) Calvin introduced an element of lay control over his church, but he did not: 
A. break the monopoly of priestly power.
B. refuse to recognize the subordination of church to state.
C. promote secularization.
D. try to Christianize all of society.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
35. (p. 91) Calvinism, despite its aristocratic outlook, contributed to the development of what later became democracy by: 
A. allowing the possibility that all people, regardless of social rank, might be predestined for salvation.
B. tolerating, although not necessarily approving, radical religious dissenters such as Michael Servetus.
C. developing a type of self-government for the church.
D. A and B

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
36. (p. 92) The English Reformation was peculiar because the government broke with the Roman Catholic Church: 
A. before adopting any Protestant principles.
B. after the pope took the side of the nobility against the king.
C. after Protestantism had already come to dominate English religious life.
D. after it took the side of France in a political dispute.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
37. (p. 94) Under Elizabeth, the Church of England: 
A. adopted a Protestant liturgy and theology.
B. became increasingly Calvinist.
C. removed its bishops from the House of Lords.
D. All of these are correct.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

38. (p. 92) How did the policies of Henry VIII affect the English aristocracy? 
A. They increased aristocratic influence by decreeing the supremacy of the House of Lords over the Commons.
B. They undermined the aristocracy by seizing its property.
C. They strengthened the aristocracy's holdings by grants of confiscated monastic lands.
D. They undermined the aristocracy's power by arresting and executing pro-Catholic nobles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
39. (p. 97) Protestantism impacted family life by: 
A. discouraging marriage among the clergy.
B. encouraging marriage among both the clergy and lay people.
C. encouraging the cloistered life among women.
D. significantly transforming the role of women in church and society.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
40. (p. 97) The Catholic movement corresponding to and in opposition to the rise of Protestantism was known as the: 
A. Papist Revolt.
B. Catholic or Counter Reformation.
C. Jesuit movement.
D. Vatican movement.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
41. (p. 98-99) The Council of Trent: 
A. affirmed virtually all of the Catholic practices rejected by Protestants.
B. adopted many Protestant policies but rejected others.
C. asserted that church councils constituted an authority superior to that of the pope.
D. proclaimed the pope's infallibility.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

42. (p. 101-102) All of the following were Catholic responses to the rise of Protestantism except: 
A. the founding of new religious orders.
B. the use of the Jesuits as a missionary force.
C. the use of the Inquisition to reinforce religious conformity.
D. Catholic crusades within Europe against Protestants.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Essay Questions
 
43. Briefly describe the effect and consequences of the Black Death in Europe. 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
44. What was the significance of the "Babylonian Captivity" and the Great Schism? What did both events indicate about problems within the Roman Catholic Church? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
45. How did conceptions of the human experience during the Renaissance compare with early Christian ideas? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

46. Compare and contrast the Italian Renaissance with the northern Renaissance. What were the lasting contributions of each? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
47. How did the secular philosophy of the Renaissance influence the arts? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
48. What were the new features of sculpture and painting observed during the Renaissance period in Italy? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
49. How did Machiavelli's political philosophy reflect the political weaknesses of Renaissance Italy? How did Machiavelli propose to resolve those weaknesses? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
50. What beliefs did the Protestant groups have in common? How did they differ? What were the bases for their differences? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

51. How was the Council of Trent involved in formulating Catholic doctrine? How did the Council reform the monastic orders? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
52. What was the role of Lutheranism in the social upheavals that occurred in Germany on the heels of Luther's revolt against Rome? How did Luther react to the demands of those participating in the upheavals? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
53. Compare and contrast the impact of the Renaissance on the lives of women to that of the Reformation. 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
 Consider the map Europe, 1526, on page 83.
 
54. Under Charles V, the Habsburg empire controlled much of Europe. How effectively did Charles rule in the far-flung reaches of his empire? Were European fears of Habsburg predominance justified? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

55. How did the Protestant Reformation impact the Habsburg empire? What was the relationship between Protestantism and resistance to Habsburg rule? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Short Answer Questions
 
56. Why did the Renaissance, the rebirth of the ideals and achievements of ancient Greece and Rome, occur first in Italy? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
57. What was the essence of German mysticism? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
58. What was the relationship between the new ideas about the human experience that emerged during the Italian Renaissance and the economic activities of the Italian city-states? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

59. Explain the origins of the Church of England. 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
60. Describe life in Calvin's Geneva. Why was it considered a model community? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
61. What were the problems and issues faced by the Council of Trent? Did it extensively reform the Roman Catholic Church? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
 
62. How did the Jesuits act to counter the spread of Protestantism? What role did they play in European society in the centuries after their establishment? 
Answers will vary.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation