Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson
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Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson
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Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson
The second edition of Visualizing Microbiology contains a completely redesigned TOC and the most current coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
ISBN: 978-1-119-59267-9
Rodney P. Anderson, Linda Young, Kim R. Finer
Table of Contents
1 The Microbial World 1
1.1 The Microbes 2
A Brief Survey of the Microbial World 3
The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 4
1.2 The Conflicts 6
Growth and Control of Microbes 6
The Role of the Immune System 8
What a Microbiologist Sees: Wrestling and the Spread of Skin Pathogens 8
Pathogenesis 9
Antimicrobial Drugs 10
1.3 Infectious Disease 11
Epidemiology and Healthy Practices 11
Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenesis Strategies 12
Infectious Disease Statistics 12
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 13
Case Study: Vaccination: A Casualty of War 15
1.4 Microbial Ecology and Commercial Applications 16
The Importance of Environmental Microbes 16
The Industrial Use of Microorganisms 17
Clinical Application: Pasteurization 18
2 An Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life 24
2.1 Atoms, Elements, and Molecules 25
Elements and the Periodic Table 25
Basic Atomic Structure 27
Electron Configuration and Bonding 28
Chemical Interactions 30
What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbe Diagnosis Using Colorimetric Chemical Reactions 31
2.2 Water: Life’s Most Essential Molecule 31
Water’s Unique Properties 31
Aqueous Solutions 33
Acids and Bases 34
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis Using pH-Sensitive Chemical Reactions 36
Case Study: Trading One Infection for Another 37
2.3 Carbon’s Key Role in Biochemistry 38
The Diversity of Carbon Chemistry 38
Isomers 39
Clinical Application: Isomers as a New Antibacterial Mechanism of Action 39
Building Complex Organic Molecules 40
3 The Biochemistry of Macromolecules 45
3.1 Proteins 46
The Four Levels of Protein Structure 46
Protein Diversity and Function 49
What a Microbiologist Sees: The Effect of Modified Tertiary Binding on Protein Structure 52
3.2 Enzymes 53
Enzyme Action 53
Factors Influencing the Rate of Enzyme Activity 55
3.3 Carbohydrates 57
Simple and Complex Carbohydrates 57
The Functional Diversity of Carbohydrates 59
Clinical Application: Rapid Glycogen Breakdown in a Diabetic Patient in Shock 60
3.4 Lipids 60
The Structural Classes of Lipids 61
Case Study: Acne—A Bacterial Interaction with Skin Oils 62
Lipid Functions 65
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Ziehl–Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining of Mycolic Acid Cell Walls 66
3.5 Nucleic Acids 67
The Structures of DNA and RNA 67
Nucleic Acid Functions 68
4 Microscopy 75
4.1 Principles of Microscopy 76
Magnification 77
Resolution 78
4.2 Microscopy Used for Clinical Diagnosis 79
Bright-field Microscopy 79
Dark-field Microscopy 80
Fluorescence Microscopy 81
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay 81
4.3 Microscopy Used for Research Investigations 82
Light Microscopy 82
What a Microbiologist Sees: Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 83
Electron Microscopy 84
Nanoprobe-based Microscopy 84
4.4 Specimen Preparation and Staining 86
Basic Staining Procedures 86
Case Study: Diagnosing Gonorrhea Using the Gram Stain 88
Special Staining Procedures 88
Clinical Application: Diagnosing Tuberculosis Using Acid-fast Staining 89
5 Prokaryotic Organisms 95
5.1 The Prokaryote’s Place in the Living World 96
Sustaining Life 96
What a Microbiologist Sees: Prokaryotes—The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 97
Symbiotic Relationships 98
5.2 Bacterial Cell Shapes and Arrangements 99
Bacterial Shapes 99
Bacterial Arrangements 99
5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall 101
Cell Wall Structure 102
Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell Walls 103
Atypical Cell Walls 104
Case Study: A Walking Pneumonia Outbreak at a University 105
5.4 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 106
The Glycocalyx 106
Fimbriae and Pili 106
Flagella 107
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Flagella Stain 108
5.5 Internal Structures of Bacterial Cells 109
The Plasma Membrane 109
The Nucleoid 110
Ribosomes 111
Plasmids, Inclusion Bodies, and Membranous Structures 112
Endospores 113
Clinical Application: Endospore-forming Bacteria 113
5.6 Prokaryotic Evolution and Classification 115
The Tree of Life 115
The Clinical Classification of Prokaryotes 117
6 The Eukaryotic Cell 122
6.1 An Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 123
Cell Size 123
Multicellular Organisms 123
6.2 The Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall 124
The Plasma Membrane 124
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 125
The Cell Wall 125
Clinical Application: Agar—The Ideal Solid Medium for Bacterial Culture 126
6.3 Internal Structures 127
The Nucleus and Genetic Material 128
Ribosomes 130
The Endomembrane System 130
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 131
The Cytoskeleton 132
6.4 External Structures and Other Cellular Forms 134
Cellular Junctions 134
Flagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia 134
Spores 134
Cysts and Sporocysts 136
Case Study: Valley Fever 136
What a Microbiologist Sees: O&P Examination of Stool 137
6.5 Eukaryotic Evolution and Classification 138
The Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Hypotheses 138
The Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 140
Eukarya: A Classification Overview 140
7 Eukaryotic Organisms 145
7.1 The Algae 146
General Characteristics and Unique Features 146
A Survey of Algae 146
Pathogenic Algae 146
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 148
7.2 The Protozoans 149
General Characteristics and Unique Features 149
A Survey of Protozoans 149
Pathogenic Protozoans 151
7.3 The Fungi 152
General Characteristics and Unique Features 153
What a Microbiologist Sees: The Morphological Plasticity of Candida 154
A Survey of Fungi 155
Pathogenic Fungi 157
Clinical Application: Candida auris: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen 157
7.4 The Helminths 159
General Characteristics and Unique Features 159
A Survey of the Helminths 159
Pathogenic Helminths 161
Case Study: Cravings 162
7.5 The Arthropods 163
A Survey of the Arthropods 163
Pathogenic Arthropods and Arthropod Vectors 163
8 Viruses and Infectious Particles 169
8.1 Viral Structure and Classification 170
The Structure of Viruses 170
The Classification of Viruses 172
8.2 Viral Replication Cycles 175
Viruses Replicating in Animal Cells 175
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Presumptive Diagnosis of a Viral Infection Using CPE Analysis 179
Viruses Replicating in Bacterial Cells 179
8.3 Viruses and Human Health 181
The Clinical Cultivation of Viruses 181
The Impact of Viral Infections 181
Case Study: A Bad Case of the Flu 182
Viruses, Recurrent Infections, and Cancer 183
What a Microbiologist Sees: Connecting Symptoms with the Progression of HIV 183
8.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 184
The Prevention of Viral Infections 185
Antiviral Therapies 185
Clinical Application: Protecting the Most Vulnerable Patients 185
Viral Influences on Bacterial Infections 187
8.5 Viruslike Infectious Agents 190
Viroids 190
Satellites 191
Prions 191
9 Metabolism 197
9.1 The Role of Energy in Life 198
Basic Energy Principles 198
Energy and Chemical Reactions 198
The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Identifying Bacteria by Metabolic Differences 200
9.2 Energy Production Principles 200
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 200
ATP 201
9.3 Glycolysis and Fermentation 203
Glycolysis 204
Fermentation 204
Clinical Application: The Clinical Importance of Alcohol Throughout History 207
9.4 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 208
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 208
The Electron Transport System 210
Lipid and Protein Catabolism 211
Integrated Metabolic Pathways 213
What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbial Bioremediation of an Oil Spill 213