Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson

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Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson

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Test Bank Visualizing Microbiology 2nd Edition by Rodney P. Anderson

The second edition of Visualizing Microbiology contains a completely redesigned TOC and the most current coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic.

ISBN: 978-1-119-59267-9

Rodney P. Anderson, Linda Young, Kim R. Finer

Table of Contents
1 The Microbial World 1

1.1 The Microbes 2

A Brief Survey of the Microbial World 3

The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 4

1.2 The Conflicts 6

Growth and Control of Microbes 6

The Role of the Immune System 8

What a Microbiologist Sees: Wrestling and the Spread of Skin Pathogens 8

Pathogenesis 9

Antimicrobial Drugs 10

1.3 Infectious Disease 11

Epidemiology and Healthy Practices 11

Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenesis Strategies 12

Infectious Disease Statistics 12

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 13

Case Study: Vaccination: A Casualty of War 15

1.4 Microbial Ecology and Commercial Applications 16

The Importance of Environmental Microbes 16

The Industrial Use of Microorganisms 17

Clinical Application: Pasteurization 18

2 An Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life 24

2.1 Atoms, Elements, and Molecules 25

Elements and the Periodic Table 25

Basic Atomic Structure 27

Electron Configuration and Bonding 28

Chemical Interactions 30

What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbe Diagnosis Using Colorimetric Chemical Reactions 31

2.2 Water: Life’s Most Essential Molecule 31

Water’s Unique Properties 31

Aqueous Solutions 33

Acids and Bases 34

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis Using pH-Sensitive Chemical Reactions 36

Case Study: Trading One Infection for Another 37

2.3 Carbon’s Key Role in Biochemistry 38

The Diversity of Carbon Chemistry 38

Isomers 39

Clinical Application: Isomers as a New Antibacterial Mechanism of Action 39

Building Complex Organic Molecules 40

3 The Biochemistry of Macromolecules 45

3.1 Proteins 46

The Four Levels of Protein Structure 46

Protein Diversity and Function 49

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Effect of Modified Tertiary Binding on Protein Structure 52

3.2 Enzymes 53

Enzyme Action 53

Factors Influencing the Rate of Enzyme Activity 55

3.3 Carbohydrates 57

Simple and Complex Carbohydrates 57

The Functional Diversity of Carbohydrates 59

Clinical Application: Rapid Glycogen Breakdown in a Diabetic Patient in Shock 60

3.4 Lipids 60

The Structural Classes of Lipids 61

Case Study: Acne—A Bacterial Interaction with Skin Oils 62

Lipid Functions 65

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Ziehl–Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining of Mycolic Acid Cell Walls 66

3.5 Nucleic Acids 67

The Structures of DNA and RNA 67

Nucleic Acid Functions 68

4 Microscopy 75

4.1 Principles of Microscopy 76

Magnification 77

Resolution 78

4.2 Microscopy Used for Clinical Diagnosis 79

Bright-field Microscopy 79

Dark-field Microscopy 80

Fluorescence Microscopy 81

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay 81

4.3 Microscopy Used for Research Investigations 82

Light Microscopy 82

What a Microbiologist Sees: Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 83

Electron Microscopy 84

Nanoprobe-based Microscopy 84

4.4 Specimen Preparation and Staining 86

Basic Staining Procedures 86

Case Study: Diagnosing Gonorrhea Using the Gram Stain 88

Special Staining Procedures 88

Clinical Application: Diagnosing Tuberculosis Using Acid-fast Staining 89

5 Prokaryotic Organisms 95

5.1 The Prokaryote’s Place in the Living World 96

Sustaining Life 96

What a Microbiologist Sees: Prokaryotes—The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 97

Symbiotic Relationships 98

5.2 Bacterial Cell Shapes and Arrangements 99

Bacterial Shapes 99

Bacterial Arrangements 99

5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall 101

Cell Wall Structure 102

Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell Walls 103

Atypical Cell Walls 104

Case Study: A Walking Pneumonia Outbreak at a University 105

5.4 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 106

The Glycocalyx 106

Fimbriae and Pili 106

Flagella 107

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Flagella Stain 108

5.5 Internal Structures of Bacterial Cells 109

The Plasma Membrane 109

The Nucleoid 110

Ribosomes 111

Plasmids, Inclusion Bodies, and Membranous Structures 112

Endospores 113

Clinical Application: Endospore-forming Bacteria 113

5.6 Prokaryotic Evolution and Classification 115

The Tree of Life 115

The Clinical Classification of Prokaryotes 117

6 The Eukaryotic Cell 122

6.1 An Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 123

Cell Size 123

Multicellular Organisms 123

6.2 The Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall 124

The Plasma Membrane 124

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 125

The Cell Wall 125

Clinical Application: Agar—The Ideal Solid Medium for Bacterial Culture 126

6.3 Internal Structures 127

The Nucleus and Genetic Material 128

Ribosomes 130

The Endomembrane System 130

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 131

The Cytoskeleton 132

6.4 External Structures and Other Cellular Forms 134

Cellular Junctions 134

Flagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia 134

Spores 134

Cysts and Sporocysts 136

Case Study: Valley Fever 136

What a Microbiologist Sees: O&P Examination of Stool 137

6.5 Eukaryotic Evolution and Classification 138

The Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Hypotheses 138

The Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 140

Eukarya: A Classification Overview 140

7 Eukaryotic Organisms 145

7.1 The Algae 146

General Characteristics and Unique Features 146

A Survey of Algae 146

Pathogenic Algae 146

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 148

7.2 The Protozoans 149

General Characteristics and Unique Features 149

A Survey of Protozoans 149

Pathogenic Protozoans 151

7.3 The Fungi 152

General Characteristics and Unique Features 153

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Morphological Plasticity of Candida 154

A Survey of Fungi 155

Pathogenic Fungi 157

Clinical Application: Candida auris: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen 157

7.4 The Helminths 159

General Characteristics and Unique Features 159

A Survey of the Helminths 159

Pathogenic Helminths 161

Case Study: Cravings 162

7.5 The Arthropods 163

A Survey of the Arthropods 163

Pathogenic Arthropods and Arthropod Vectors 163

8 Viruses and Infectious Particles 169

8.1 Viral Structure and Classification 170

The Structure of Viruses 170

The Classification of Viruses 172

8.2 Viral Replication Cycles 175

Viruses Replicating in Animal Cells 175

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Presumptive Diagnosis of a Viral Infection Using CPE Analysis 179

Viruses Replicating in Bacterial Cells 179

8.3 Viruses and Human Health 181

The Clinical Cultivation of Viruses 181

The Impact of Viral Infections 181

Case Study: A Bad Case of the Flu 182

Viruses, Recurrent Infections, and Cancer 183

What a Microbiologist Sees: Connecting Symptoms with the Progression of HIV 183

8.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 184

The Prevention of Viral Infections 185

Antiviral Therapies 185

Clinical Application: Protecting the Most Vulnerable Patients 185

Viral Influences on Bacterial Infections 187

8.5 Viruslike Infectious Agents 190

Viroids 190

Satellites 191

Prions 191

9 Metabolism 197

9.1 The Role of Energy in Life 198

Basic Energy Principles 198

Energy and Chemical Reactions 198

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Identifying Bacteria by Metabolic Differences 200

9.2 Energy Production Principles 200

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 200

ATP 201

9.3 Glycolysis and Fermentation 203

Glycolysis 204

Fermentation 204

Clinical Application: The Clinical Importance of Alcohol Throughout History 207

9.4 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 208

Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 208

The Electron Transport System 210

Lipid and Protein Catabolism 211

Integrated Metabolic Pathways 213

What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbial Bioremediation of an Oil Spill 213