Test Bank The Past in Perspective An Introduction to Human Prehistory 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Feder

Test Bank The Past in Perspective An Introduction to Human Prehistory 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Feder

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Test Bank The Past in Perspective An Introduction to Human Prehistory 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Feder

Ideal for introduction to archaeology and world prehistory courses, The Past in Perspective: An Introduction to Human Prehistory, Eighth Edition, is an engaging and up-to-date chronological overview of human prehistory.

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0190059931
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0190059934

Kenneth L. Feder (Author)

Table Of Contents
Preface
Quick Reference Material
1 Encountering the Past
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
A FOREIGN COUNTRY
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
AN ANCIENT WORLD
The Age of the Earth
A WRECK OF A WORLD
Noah’s Flood
EQUABLE AND STEADY CHANGE
FAIRY STONES?
John Frere’s Discovery
More Stone Tools … and Bones
THE SLOW AGENCY OF EXISTING CAUSES
ANCIENT HUMANS REVISITED
Cultures Ancient and Changing
CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ANTIQUITY OF LIFE
AN EVOLUTIONARY PHILOSOPHY
The Mutability of Species
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Human Evolution
CULTURES EVOLVING
A New Catastrophism?
OUR MODERN VIEW
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
2 Probing the Past
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
EPISTEMOLOGY: HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW
The “Science” in the Study of the Past
PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
How Sites Are Formed
How Sites Are Preserved
How Sites Are Found
How Information Is Recovered
Archaeology at a Distance: Noninvasive Methods of Data Collection
ANALYZING ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA
How Artifacts Are Analyzed
How Ecofacts Are Analyzed
How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed
DETERMINING THE AGE OF A SITE OR SPECIMEN
Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay
Dating Techniques Based on Biology
Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage
THE ETHICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
COPING WITH CRAP: PSEUDOSCIENCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
3 African Roots
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
THE FIRST HOMININS
Late Miocene Hominins
The Genus Australopithecus
Australopithecus afarensis
A FORK IN THE HOMININ ROAD
The Ability to Make Tools
A DIFFERENT PATH—HOMO
Oldowan Technology
The Fate of Homo habilis
ISSUES AND DEBATES
WHAT WERE THE FIRST STEPS IN HOMININ EVOLUTION?
HOW DO WE KNOW THE HOMININS WERE UPRIGHT?
IS THERE OTHER EVIDENCE FOR BIPEDALITY?
WHY BIPEDALISM?
The Upright Provider
The Upright Scavenger
The Efficient Walker
The Endurance Runner
WHERE DID THE IDEA FOR STONE TOOLS COME FROM?
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
HAS EVOLUTION PROGRAMMED US TO BE KILLERS?
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
4 The Human Lineage
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
HOMO ERECTUS
The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus
HOMININS CONQUER THE WORLD
East Asia
Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer?
China and India
Southeast Asia: Hobbits?
Europe
A New Hominin Star
Where Does Homo naledi Fit in the Story of Human Evolution?
THE AGE OF ICE
The Oxygen Isotope Curve
HOMO ERECTUS: THE TOOLMAKER
SUBSISTENCE
ISSUES AND DEBATES
WHAT ENABLED THE GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF HOMO ERECTUS?
Intelligence
Control of Fire
THE “ART”OF MAKING TOOLS
RAISING HOMO ERECTUS
WHEN DID HOMO ERECTUS BECOME EXTINCT?
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
WE ARE EVERYWHERE AND CULTURE MAKES IT POSSIBLE
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
5 The First Humans
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
PREMODERN HUMANS: FOSSIL EVIDENCE
PREMODERN HUMANS: CULTURAL EVIDENCE
THE NEANDERTALS
Morphological Evidence
Fossil Evidence
NEANDERTAL CULTURE
Stone Tools
Subsistence
Compassion
Symbolic Expression
Burial of the Dead
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS
EXPLAINING THE EVOLUTION OF US
Consensus View
Evidence
Consensus View
Evidence
Consensus View
Evidence
Consensus View
Evidence
Consensus View
Stone Tools of Anatomically Modern Human Beings: Utilitarian Works of Art
ISSUES AND DEBATES
WHY ARE THE NEANDERTALS EXTINCT?
THE NEANDERTALS: A SEPARATE SPECIES
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
HUMAN BEINGS: AN EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS STORY?
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
6 Expanding Intellectual Horizons
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
NEW IDEAS: REFLECTIONS OF THE MODERN HUMAN MIND
1. New and Improved Stone-Tool Technologies
2. New Hunting and Weapons Technologies
3. Broadening the Subsistence Base
4. Branching Out in Raw Materials and Developing New Technologies
5. New Uses for Plant Materials
6. The Acquisition of Raw Materials from a Great Distance
7. Larger Sites of Population Aggregation
8. Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects
9. More Elaborate Burials
10. Symbolic Expression Through the Production of Art
A REVOLUTION OF INTELLECT: THE MEANING OF UPPER PALEOLITHIC ART
The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa
Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe
Figurines
The Sound of Music
ISSUES AND DEBATES
WHAT DOES THE ART OF THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC MEAN?
THE IMPORTANCE OF LIVING LONG: THE GRANDMOTHER EFFECT
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
WHY DO WE DESTROY?
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
7 Expanding Geographic Horizons
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
THE SETTLEMENT OF GREATER AUSTRALIA
Paleogeography in the Western Pacific
The Road to Sahul
The Discovery of Greater Australia
THE EARLIEST OCCUPATION OF GREATER AUSTRALIA
The Archaeology of Sahul
Willandra Lakes
THE SPREAD THROUGH AUSTRALIA
The Australian Interior
TASMANIA
GREATER AUSTRALIA: A BROAD RANGE OF ADAPTATIONS
EAST INTO THE PACIFIC
A Pacific Islander “Age of Exploration”
Pacific Geography
Pacific Archaeology
COMING TO AMERICA
THE SOURCE OF LOS INDIOS
WHEN DID THE FIRST MIGRANTS ARRIVE?
When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited?
When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel?
An Ice-Free Corridor
THE FIRST HUMAN SETTLEMENT OF AMERICA
Coastal Sites
First Skeletons
A Contested Consensus
ALASKA
Denali and Nenana
CLOVIS
Clovis Technology
Clovis Subsistence
Into the Arctic
ISSUES AND DEBATES
WHY WERE THE PACIFIC ISLANDS SETTLED?
COULD NATIVE AMERICANS REALLY HAVE COME FROM EUROPE INSTEAD OF ASIA?
WHO—OR WHAT—KILLED THE AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN MEGAFAUNA?
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
THE TRAGEDY OF EXTINCTION
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
8 After the Ice
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
CHRONICLE
EUROPE
Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns
Diversity and Regionalization
ASIA
AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
NORTH AMERICA
Regionalism in the New World Archaic
Koster: Emblem of the Archaic
SOUTH AMERICA
THE SHIFT FROM FOOD COLLECTION TO FOOD PRODUCTION
Humans Taking the Place of Nature: Artificial Selection
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN CONTROL OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES
Geography
Size
Seed Morphology
Osteological Changes
Population Characteristics
It’s a Dog’s Life
THE NEAR EAST
Late Pleistocene Foragers in the Near East
The First Agriculturalists
MESOAMERICA
The First Agriculturalists in the New World
The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of the Tehuacán Valley
The Greatest Native American Contribution to Food
AFRICA
A Chronology of Food Production
Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara
ASIA
Chronology of Food Production in China
Food Production in South Asia
Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia
Domestication in Central Asia
EUROPE
The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe
NORTH AMERICA
Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico
The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands
The American Southwest
SOUTH AMERICA
Three Regional Neolithics
Animal Domestication in South America
Cotton
ISSUES AND DEBATES
HOW WAS DOMESTICATION ACCOMPLISHED?
The Domestication of Wheat
From Teosinte to Maize
Rice
THE REMARKABLY MODERN CUISINE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
Why Agriculture?
A Multitude of Reasons
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC: THE ROOTS OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY
MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
FOOD, GLORIOUS FOOD
CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP
HERE, KITTY, KITTY, KITTY
SUMMARY
TO LEARN MORE
KEY TERMS
9 Roots of Complexity
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
PRELUDE
THE CONSTRUCTION OF STONEHENGE
IMAGINING STONEHENGE
CHRONICLE
SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEXITY: BEFORE AGRICULTURE
A REVOLUTION IN SUBSISTENCE, A REVOLUTION IN SOCIETY
From Rank Societies to Chiefdoms
COMPLEXITY’S TRACES IN THE OLD WORLD
Jericho