Test Bank Research Methods From Theory to Practice 1st Edition by Ben Gorvine
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Test Bank Research Methods From Theory to Practice 1st Edition by Ben Gorvine
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Test Bank Research Methods From Theory to Practice 1st Edition by Ben Gorvine
Research Methods: From Theory to Practice guides students through the entire research process-from choosing a research question and getting Institutional Review Board approval to presenting results at conferences and submitting work for peer review.
ISBN-10 : 0190201827
ISBN-13 : 978-0190201821
Ben Gorvine (Author), Karl Rosengren (Author), Lisa Stein (Author), Kevin Biolsi (Author)
Table Of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Research Methods
INSIDE RESEARCH: MARTHA ARTERBERRY, Department of Psychology, Colby College
WHY YOU SHOULD CARE ABOUT RESEARCH METHODS
METHODS FOR EVALUATING CLAIMS
The Extraordinary Coffee Bean
Trust the Experts
MEDIA MATTERS: The Persistent Autism–Vaccine Myth
Read and Evaluate Past Research
Search for Convergence
How to Evaluate the Quality of Reported Research
Preliminary Findings
Published Research
How Cognitive Biases and Heuristics Affect Your Judgment
Conducting Your Own Research to Evaluate Claims
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSCIENCE
The Goals of Science
The Scientific Method
Objective
Consistent
Public
Based on Established Principles and Past Knowledge
Driven by a Quest for Knowledge and Truth
DISTINCTION BETWEEN APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH
THE RESEARCH PROCESS AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK
CHAPTER SUMMARY
2 The Ethical Imperative
INSIDE RESEARCH: JENNIFER E. LANSFORD, Duke University Sanford, School of Public Policy
WHY ETHICS MATTER
MEDIA MATTERS: David Reimer
COMPLETING ETHICS TRAINING
HISTORY OF ETHICS
The Nuremberg Code of 1947
The Declaration of Helsinki
The National Institutes of Health
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
HISTORY OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY
MEDIA MATTERS: The Highest Order of Hypocrisy
The Belmont Report
APA Guidelines
THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
Organization of the IRB
The Committee
Staff Members
Collaborative Research
Mission Creep
IRB Reform
DEFINING RESEARCH
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESEARCH WITH NONHUMAN ANIMALS
Why Use Animals in Research?
What Animals Are Used in Research?
How Are Animals Protected?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
3 Negotiating the Institutional Review Board Process
INSIDE RESEARCH: KATHLEEN MURPHY, IRB Manager, Northwestern University
TYPE OF IRB REVIEW
STEPS IN THE IRB PROCESS
Step 1: Complete Ethics Training
Step 2: Prepare Proposal
Abstract
Protocol
Identification of Participants
Informed Consent
MEDIA MATTERS: When Informed Consent Can Mean Life or Death
Step 3: Submit Proposal for Review
WAYS TO SPEED THE APPROVAL PROCESS
KEEPING PROPER RECORDS
ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN RESEARCH
Participant Coercion
Special Populations
Prisoners
Children
Nonhuman Animals
Participant Risk
Assessing Depression.
Replication of Milgram’s Obedience Study and the Stanford Prison Experiment
Conflict of Interest
Deception
Illegal Activities
Internet Research
CHAPTER SUMMARY
4 Starting Your Research
INSIDE RESEARCH: DANIEL SIMONS, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champai
CHOOSE A RESEARCH TOPIC
Hit the Books
Search for Research Articles
The Art of Reading Research Articles
Abstract
Introduction/Literature Review
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Take a Variety of Psychology Classes
Get Involved in an Ongoing Research Project
MEDIA MATTERS: Much Attention Paid to Inattentional Blindness
LET THEORY GUIDE YOUR RESEARCH
Theory Operates on Different Levels
The Role of Theory in Forming Research Questions
Theory May Shape Hypotheses
Theory and Methodology Reinforce One Another
Interplay between Theory and Analysis Strategy
Theory Can Lead to the Problem of Confirmation Bias
AVOID COMMON PROBLEMS IN STARTING YOUR RESEARCH
CHAPTER SUMMARY
5 Focusing Your Question and Choosing a Design
INSIDE RESEARCH: DIANE C. GOODING, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
DEFINE YOUR GOAL
Define the Research Question
Recognize Background Assumptions
Form Testable Hypotheses
Ensure Your Hypothesis Is Falsifiable
MEDIA MATTERS: Baby Geniuses
Identify Variables
CHOOSE A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Quantitative Research Approaches
Experimental Methods
Nonexperimental Methods
Qualitative Research Approaches
The Role of Theory
Description versus Interpretation
Realism versus Relativism
The Role of Politics
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE APPROACHES AND METHODS
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
RAISING CHILDREN’S INTELLIGENCE: WHAT WORKS?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
6 Developing Your Research Protocol
INSIDE RESEARCH: AMY BOHNERT, Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Loyola University
OBTAIN YOUR SAMPLE
Populations versus Samples
Representative Samples
Do I Need a Representative Sample?
The College Sophomore “Problem”?
Labeling Populations
MEDIA MATTERS: WEIRD Science
Random Samples
Problems with Random Sampling
Alternatives to Random Sampling
MEDIA MATTERS: Nate Silver and the 2012 Election
Nonprobability Samples
Online Samples
Paying Participants
CHOOSE YOUR MEASURES
Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Select Your Scale
Reliability and Validity
CONDUCT A POWER ANALYSIS
Prospective versus Retrospective Power Analysis
Why Is Power Often Underemphasized?
Why Does Power Matter?
FORMULATE AN ANALYSIS PLAN
THE ART OF JUGGLING CHOICES
Participant Recruitment Issues
Time Constraints
Money Constraints
Equipment Constraints
Make the Best Choices
CHAPTER SUMMARY
7 Survey and Interview Approaches
INSIDE RESEARCH: JOHN SCHULENBERG, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
THE PERVASIVENESS OF SURVEYS
MEDIA MATTERS: The Profligate Tooth Fairy
SURVEYS VERSUS INTERVIEWS
THE PROS AND CONS OF SURVEYS
Advantages of Surveys
Efficient and Economical
Large Sample Sizes
Allure of Anonymity
Flexibility
Disadvantages of Surveys
Selection Bias
Participation Biases
Nonresponse Bias
Self-selection Bias
Motivated Respondent Bias
Experimenter Bias
Fatigue Effects and Attrition
Social Desirability Bias
Potential Threats to Validity and Possible Solutions
Respondents Who Do Not Understand Questions
Respondents Who Answer Fraudulently
Respondents with an Agenda
Careless Respondents
THE PROS AND CONS OF INTERVIEWS
Advantages of Interviews
Rich Data
Confirmation of Participant Understanding
Detecting Careless Interview Responding
Disadvantages of Interviews
Inefficient Use of Time and Resources
Interviewer Effects
Response Bias
Standardization
THE VALUE OF COLLECTING DATA ON SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
USING AN EXISTING SURVEY VERSUS CREATING A NEW ONE
STEPS TO BUILDING YOUR OWN QUESTIONNAIRE
Question Wording
Simplicity Is Good!
Write Questions at the Appropriate Reading Level
Avoid Double-barreled Questions
Avoid Loaded Questions
Be Positive!
Response Types
Open-ended versus Closed-ended Responses
Likert Scales and Response Format
Evaluating Your Survey
Obtain Feedback
Conduct Pilot Testing
Assess Instrument Reliability
Test–retest Reliability
Parallel-forms Reliability
Internal Consistency
Use Factor Analysis for Advanced Scale Construction
CHAPTER SUMMARY
8 Experimental Designs
INSIDE RESEARCH: TRAVIS SEYMOUR, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
THE UNIQUENESS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Experimental Control
Determination of Causality
Internal versus External Validity
KEY CONSTRUCTS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Independent and Dependent Variables
Experimental and Control Groups
Placebo Effect
Random Assignment
MEDIA MATTERS: The “Sugar Pill” Knee Surgery
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Between-subjects Designs
Advantages of Between-subjects Designs
Disadvantages of Between-subjects Designs
Within-subjects Designs
Advantages of Within-subjects Designs
Disadvantages of Within-subjects Designs
Matched-group Designs
Advantages of Matched-group Designs
Disadvantages of Matched-group Designs
CONFOUNDING FACTORS AND EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
Participant Characteristics
The Hawthorne Effect
Demand Characteristics
Other Confounds
Strategies for Dealing with Confounds
Hold Potential Confounding Variables Constant
Vary Test I