Test Bank Psychopharmacology 4th Edition by Jerry Meyer
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Test Bank Psychopharmacology 4th Edition by Jerry Meyer
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Test Bank Psychopharmacology 4th Edition by Jerry Meyer
Unique in its breadth of coverage ranging from historical accounts of drug use to clinical and preclinical behavioral studies, Psychopharmacology is appropriate for undergraduates studying the relationships between the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs and their mechanisms of action.
ISBN-10 : 1605359874
ISBN-13 : 978-1605359878
Jerry Meyer (Author)
Table Of Contents
Cover Page
Title page
About the cover
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Digital Resources
For the Instructor(Available at oup.com/he/meyer4e)
Enhanced E-Book for the Student(ISBN 9781605359892)
1 Principles of Pharmacology
1.1 Pharmacology: The Science of Drug Action
Placebo effect
Pharmacokinetic factors determining drug action
Methods of drug administration influence the onset of drug action
Impact on Bioavailability
Multiple factors modify drug absorption
Transport Across Membranes
Lipid-Soluble Drugs
Ionized Drugs
Other Factors
Drug distribution is limited by selective barriers
Blood–Brain Barrier
Placental Barrier
Depot binding alters the magnitude and duration of drug action
Biotransformation and elimination of drugs contribute to bioavailability
Drug Clearance
Biotransformation by Liver Microsomal Enzymes
Factors Influencing Drug Metabolism
Renal Excretion
Therapeutic drug monitoring
1.2 Pharmacodynamics: Drug–Receptor Interactions
Extracellular and intracellular receptors have several common features
Dose–response curves describe receptor activity
The therapeutic index calculates drug safety
Receptor antagonists compete with agonists for binding sites
Biobehavioral effects of chronic drug use
Repeated drug exposure can cause tolerance
Characteristics of Tolerance
Metabolic Tolerance (Drug Disposition Tolerance)
Pharmacodynamic Tolerance
Behavioral Tolerance
State-Dependent Learning
Chronic drug use can cause sensitization
Pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine in psychiatry
Chapter Review and Additional Resources
List of Key Terms
2 Structure and Function of the Nervous System
2.1 Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons have three major external features
Dendrites
Axons and Terminal Buttons
Soma
Epigenetics
Axoplasmic Transport
Characteristics of the cell membrane are critical for neuron function
Glial cells provide vital support for neurons
2.2 Electrical Transmission within a Neuron
Ion distribution is responsible for the cell’s resting potential
Local potentials are small, transient changes in membrane potential
Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens voltage-gated Na+ channels, producing an action potential
Drugs and poisons alter axon conduction
2.3 Organization of the Nervous System
The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral divisions
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
CNS functioning is dependent on structural features
The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting embryological development
Neurotrophic Factors
Spinal Cord
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas
Rat and human brains have many similarities and some differences
Chapter Review and Additional Resources
List of Key Terms
3 Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones
3.1 Chemical Signaling in the Nervous System
Basic concepts
Neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and inactivation
Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of chemical substances
Neuropeptides are synthesized by a different mechanism than other transmitters
Neuromodulators are chemicals that do not act like typical neurotransmitters
Classical transmitter release involves exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles
Exocytosis
Vesicle Recycling
Diversity of Nerve Terminal Characteristics
Lipid and gaseous transmitters are not released from synaptic vesicles
Several mechanisms control the rate of neurotransmitter release by nerve cells
Mechanisms of neurotransmitter inactivation
Neurotransmitters outside of the CNS
3.2 Neurotransmitter Receptors, Signaling Mechanisms, and Synaptic Plasticity
Neurotransmitter receptor families
Ionotropic receptors consist of multiple subunits that together form an ion channel
Metabotropic receptors consist of a single subunit that works by activating G proteins
Second-messenger systems
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Pharmacology of synaptic transmission
Synaptic plasticity
3.3 The Endocrine System
Endocrine glands and their respective hormones
Hormonal and neurotransmitter functions of oxytocin and vasopressin
Mechanisms of hormone action
The endocrine system is important to pharmacologists
Chapter Review and Additional Resources
List of Key Terms
4 Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology
4.1 Techniques in Behavioral Pharmacology
Evaluating animal behavior
Animal testing needs to be valid and reliable to produce useful information
A wide variety of behaviors are evaluated by psychopharmacologists
Simple Behavioral Observation
Measures of Motor Activity
Operant Conditioning
Measures of Analgesia
Tests of Learning and Memory
Mazes
Delayed-Response Test
Measures of Anxiety-Like Behavior
Measures of Fear
Measures of Depressive-Like Behavior
Methods of Assessing Drug Reward and Reinforcement
Drugs as Discriminative Stimuli
Automated Quantification of Behavior
Translational Research
4.2 Techniques in Neuropharmacology
Multiple neurobiological techniques for assessing the CNS
Stereotaxic surgery is needed for accurate in vivo measures of brain function
Lesioning and Microinjection
Microdialysis
Electrophysiological Stimulation and Recording
Neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be quantified and visually located in the CNS
Radioligand Binding
Receptor Autoradiography
In Vivo Receptor Binding
Assays of Enzyme Activity
Antibody Production
Immunocytochemistry
Radioimmunoassay
In Situ Hybridization
DNA Microarrays
New tools are used for imaging the structure and function of the brain
Autoradiography of Dynamic Cell Processes
Imaging Techniques
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Genetic engineering helps neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions
Behavioral and neuropharmacological methods complement one another
Chapter Review and Additional Resources
List of Key Terms
5 Catecholamines Catecholamines
5.1 Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Catecholamines are synthesized by a multi-step pathway in which tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step
Catecholamine storage and release are regulated by vesicular uptake, autoreceptor activity, and cell firing rate
Catecholamines are recycled after release by a process of reuptake
Catecholamine levels are regulated by metabolizing enzymes
5.2 Organization and Function of the Dopaminergic System
Two important dopaminergic cell groups are found in the midbrain
Ascending dopamine pathways have been implicated in several important behavioral functions
There are five main subtypes of dopamine receptors organized into D1- and D2-like families
Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect locomotor activity, motor control, and other behavioral functions
5.3 Organization and Function of the Noradrenergic System
Norepinephrine is an important transmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems
Norepinephrine and epinephrine act through α- and β-adrenergic receptors
The central noradrenergic system plays a significant role in arousal, cognition, and the consolidation of emotional memories
Several medications work by stimulating or inhibiting peripheral adrenergic receptors
Chapter Review and Additional Resources
List of Key Terms
6 Serotonin
6.1 Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Serotonin synthesis is regulated by enzymatic activity and precursor availability
Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Their Functional Consequences
Similar processes regulate storage, release, and inactivation of serotonin and the catecholamines
6.2 Basic Features of the Serotonergic System: Anatomical Organization, Cell Firi