Test Bank Psychopharmacology 3rd Edition by Jerrold S. Meyer
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Test Bank Psychopharmacology 3rd Edition by Jerrold S. Meyer
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Test Bank Psychopharmacology 3rd Edition by Jerrold S. Meyer
Unique in its breadth of coverage ranging from historical accounts of drug use to clinical and preclinical behavioral studies, Psychopharmacology is appropriate for undergraduates studying the relationships between the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs and their mechanisms of action.
ISBN-10 : 1605355550
ISBN-13 : 978-1605355559
Jerrold S. Meyer (Author), Linda F. Quenzer (Author)
Table Of Contents
Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1: Principles of Pharmacology
Pharmacology: The Science of Drug Action
Placebo effect
Box 1.1 Pharmacology in Action: Naming Drugs
Pharmacokinetic Factors Determining Drug Action
Methods of drug administration influence the onset of drug action
Multiple factors modify drug absorption
Drug distribution is limited by selective barriers
Depot binding alters the magnitude and duration of drug action
Biotransformation and elimination of drugs contribute to bioavailability
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Box 1.2 Pharmacology in Action: Interspecies Drug Dose Extrapolation
Pharmacodynamics: Drug–Receptor Interactions
Box 1.3 Pharmacology in Action: Drug Categories
Extracellular and intracellular receptors have several common features
Dose–response curves describe receptor activity
The therapeutic index calculates drug safety
Receptor antagonists compete with agonists for binding sites
Biobehavioral Effects of Chronic Drug Use
Repeated drug exposure can cause tolerance
Chronic drug use can cause sensitization
Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry
CHAPTER 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons have three major external features
Box 2.1 The Cutting Edge: Embryonic Stem Cells
Characteristics of the cell membrane are critical for neuron function
Glial cells provide vital support for neurons
Box 2.2 Of Special Interest: Astrocytes
Electrical Transmission within a Neuron
Ion distribution is responsible for the cell’s resting potential
Local potentials are small, transient changes in membrane potential
Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens voltage-gated Na+ channels, producing an action
Drugs and poisons alter axon conduction
Organization of the Nervous System
Box 2.3 The Cutting Edge: Finding Your Way in the Nervous System
The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral divisions
CNS functioning is dependent on structural features
The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting embryological development
Box 2.4 Of Special Interest: Neuroendocrine Response to Stress
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas
Rat and human brains have many similarities and some differences
CHAPTER 3: Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones
Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells
Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of chemical substances
Box 3.1 Clinical Applications: Orexin-Based Medications: New Approaches to the Treatment of Sleep Di
Neuropeptides are synthesized by a different mechanism than other transmitters
Neuromodulators are chemicals that don’t act like typical neurotransmitters
Classical transmitter release involves exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles
Lipid and gaseous transmitters are not released from synaptic vesicles
Several mechanisms control the rate of neurotransmitter release by nerve cells
Neurotransmitters are inactivated by reuptake and by enzymatic breakdown
Neurotransmitter Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems
There are two major families of neurotransmitter receptors
Second messengers work by activating specific protein kinases within a cell
Tyrosine kinase receptors mediate the effects of neurotrophic factors
Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Plasticity
The Endocrine System
Endocrine glands can secrete multiple hormones
Mechanisms of hormone action vary
Why is the endocrine system important to pharmacologists?
Box 3.2: Pharmacology in Action: Sex Hormones and Drug Abuse
CHAPTER 4: Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology
Research Methods for Evaluating the Brain and Behavior
Techniques in Behavioral Pharmacology
Evaluating Animal Behavior
Animal testing needs to be valid and reliable to produce useful information
A wide variety of behaviors are evaluated by psychopharmacologists
Box 4.1 Pharmacology in Action: Using the Three-Chamber Social Interaction Test
Box 4.2 Clinical Applications: Drug Testing for FDA Approval
Techniques in Neuropharmacology
Multiple Neurobiological Techniques for Assessing the CNS
Stereotaxic surgery is needed for accurate in vivo measures of brain function
Neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be quantified and visually located in the CNS
New tools are used for imaging the structure and function of the brain
Genetic engineering helps neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions
Box 4.3 Pharmacology in Action: Transgenic Model of Huntington’s Disease
Behavioral and neuropharmacological methods complement one another
CHAPTER 5: Catecholamines
Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting stepin catecholamine synthesis
Catecholamines are stored in and released from synaptic vesicles
Catecholamine inactivation occurs through the combination of reuptake and metabolism
Organization and Function of the Dopaminergic System
Two important dopaminergic cell groups are found in the midbrain
Ascending dopamine pathways have been implicated in several important behavioral functions
Box 5.1 Clinical Applications: Mutations That Affect Dopamine Neurotransmission
There are five main subtypes of dopamine receptors organized into D1- and D2-like families
Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect locomotor activity and other behavioral functions
Box 5.2 The Cutting Edge: Using Molecular Genetics to Study the Dopaminergic System
Organization and Function of the Noradrenergic System
Norepinephrine is an important transmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems
Norepinephrine and epinephrine act through α- and β-adrenergic receptors
The central noradrenergic system plays a significant role in arousal, cognition, and the consolidati
Several medications work by stimulating or inhibiting peripheral adrenergic receptors
CHAPTER 6: Serotonin
Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Serotonin synthesis is regulated by enzymatic activity and precursor availability
Similar processes regulate storage, release, and inactivation of serotonin and the catecholamines
Box 6.1 History of Psychopharmacology: “Ecstasy”—Harmless Feel-Good Drug, Dangerous Neurotoxin
Organization and Function of the Serotonergic System
The serotonergic system originates in the brainstem and projects to all forebrain areas
The firing of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons varies with behavioral state and in response to rewa
There is a large family of serotonin receptors, most of which are metabotropic
Multiple approaches have identified several behavioral and physiological functions of serotonin
Box 6.2 The Cutting Edge: Serotonin and Aggression
CHAPTER 7: Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase
Many different drugs and toxins can alter acetylcholine storage and release
Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for acetylcholine breakdown
Box 7.1 Pharmacology In Action: Botulinum Toxin—Deadly Poison, Therapeutic Remedy, and Cosmetic Ai
Organization and Function of the Cholinergic System
Cholinergic neurons play a key role in the functioning of both the peripheral and central nervous sy
Box 7.2 The Cutting Edge: Acetylcholine and Cognitive Function
There are two acetylcholine receptor subtypes: nicotinic and muscarinic
CHAPTER 8: Glutamate and GABA
Glutamate
Glutamate Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation
Neurons generate glutamate from the precursor glutamine
Glutamate packaging in