Test Bank Principles of Psychology 1st Edition by Marc Breedlove
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Test Bank Principles of Psychology 1st Edition by Marc Breedlove
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Test Bank Principles of Psychology 1st Edition by Marc Breedlove
Organized around four well established core principles, Principles of Psychology provides students with a framework to understand the science of behavior.
ISBN-10 : 0199329362
ISBN-13 : 978-0199329366
Marc Breedlove (Author)
Table Of Contents
Preface
The Four Principles
Psychology Is a Research-Based Science
Final Thoughts
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
About the Author
Media and Supplements to accompany Principles of Psychology
For Students
For Instructors
LMS Course Cartridges
Front Endpapers
Chapter 1: Introduction: Principles of Psychology
The Wages of Fear
Chapter Preview
1.1 Psychology’s Roots
Our ancestors had to pay attention to the behavior of people and other animals
Early philosophers wrestled with questions about knowledge and reality
Darwin taught us that there is a continuum of behavior from animals to humans
1.1 Summary
1.2 The Rise of Empiricism
German thinkers brought keen observation and structure to psychology
William James emphasized functionalism and the “brain as machine”
Behaviorism revealed the rules of learning, but only a limited understanding of behavior
Modern psychology is a cognitive science that discerns processes in the machine at work
Neuroscience aims to explore the brain and its workings directly, peering inside the “black box”
Like most scientific fields, psychology long excluded women and minorities
1.2 Summary
1.3 Psychological Myths and Four Principles of Psychology
Despite great progress, many psychological myths endure
Psychological Myths
Think like a psychologist: There are four important principles to consider for any behavior
Researchers at Work: Detecting racial associations with crime
1.3 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science
Are women musicians inferior?
Chapter Preview
2.1 What Constitutes a Science?
Science begins with the careful observation of phenomena
We can measure how closely two variables vary together
Observations of behavior may generate hypotheses to be tested
Experimentation can reveal cause-and-effect relationships between variables
Box 2.1: Skeptic at Large: Theories That Cannot Be Disproven Fall outside the Realm of Science
Researchers at Work: Is gender bias in science a thing of the past?
Strong inference is the process of disproving as many plausible hypotheses as possible
2.1 Summary
2.2 How Do We Scientifically Study Behavior?
Random sampling is absolutely crucial in psychology, and surprisingly difficult to do
We use measures of central tendency to gauge differences between groups
Psychologists love statistics because we have to
Psychological measures should be both reliable and valid
Psychologists strive to avoid bias by withholding information
Box 2.2: Skeptic at Large: The Pepsi Paradox
There are standards of ethical conduct in human and animal experimentation
The Cutting Edge: Meta-Analysis Casts Doubt on Antidepressant Drugs
2.2 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 3: The Neuroscience of Behavior
The Laughing Brain
Chapter Preview
3.1 The Structure of the Nervous System: A Microscopic View
The brain contains billions of neurons, or nerve cells
Neurons communicate with each other at synapses
Neurotransmitters transfer information across synapses
We can classify neurons into three functional types
Box 3.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Dualism and Descartes’s Error
3.1 Summary
3.2 The Nervous System at Work: The Body Electric
Every cell in your body is a tiny battery
Neurons use electrical signals to summarize information from many synapses
Synaptic input determines whether a neuron will produce an action potential
Once begun, action potentials travel down the axon
Action potentials work like a flushing toilet
Myelin speeds up action potentials
What happens when the action potential reaches the end of an axon?
Researchers At Work: The telltale frog heart: Loewi’s marvelous dream
Drugs affect brain signals and therefore the mind
Hormones affect the brain too
3.2 Summary
3.3 Understanding the Nervous System: Divide and Conquer
The central nervous system gathers information and makes the big decisions
The cerebral surface is divided into lobes
Beneath the surface of the cerebral cortex are orderly clusters of cells
Each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
The peripheral nervous system carries information between the body and the central nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is out of our control
3.3 Summary
3.4 How We Study the Brain
Lesions and electrical stimulation can map brain functions
Scientists can eavesdrop on electrical signals within the brain
Today’s imaging technology reveals the brain’s interior structure and function
We infer brain function by comparing different mental activities
Researchers At Work: Mental subtraction
Psychology and biology use two different vocabularies to describe the same thing
The Cutting Edge: Mapping the Connectome in the Human Brain
3.4 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 4: Genes, Environment, and Behavior
Non-Identical Identical Sisters
Chapter Preview
4.1 Genes at Work
The genes we inherit provide “recipes” for making proteins
Our mother and father give us slightly different “recipes” for each protein
If we get a nonfunctional allele from one parent, the otherallele usually spares us from harm
Box 4.1: Psychology in Everyday Life: Natural Selection Favors Beneficial Alleles
We can see how dominant and recessive alleleswork in pea plants
4.1 Summary
4.2 The Regulation of Genes
Different genes are used at different times in different cells
Sensory experience and learning affect gene expression
Genes and experience interact
Researchers at Work: Mothers matter
4.2 Summary
4.3 Single Gene Effects on Behavior
Genes that severely disrupt brain function have a strong, direct, and disastrous effect on behavior
Genes that affect sensory systems can have a strong effect on behavior
Box 4.2: Skeptic at Large: Controlled by Our Genes?
4.3 Summary
4.4 Multiple Gene Effects on Behavior
Twin studies confirm a genetic contribution to schizophrenia
What does it mean if a behavior is “heritable”?
There are several things that heritability does not mean
Inferences about heritability from twin studies make several simplifying assumptions
Although rare, cases of identical twins who are reared apart offer powerful insights
4.4 Summary
4.5 The Interaction of Genes and Experience
Stress plays a role in the appearance of schizophrenia
Genes and the environment constantly interact to affect our behaviors
The Cutting Edge: Early Experience Epigenetically Affects the Stress Response in Adulthood
4.5 Summary
Principles in Action
Key Terms
Quiz Yourself
Chapter 5: Developmental Psychology
Growing Up Alone
Chapter Preview
5.1 The Developing Brain
There are six stages of neural development
Experience guides brain development
5.1 Summary
5.2 The Developing Mind
Developmental stages can be seen in motor and sensory development
Psychologists have learned how to read babies’ minds
Researchers At Work: Habituation tests help researchers understand visionin infants
Memory develops steadily during infancy
Box 5.1: Skeptic at Large: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Piaget studied the stages of cognitive development
Box 5.2: Psychology in Everyday Life: Autism Is a Difficulty in Reading Other People’s Minds
Proper emotional and social development requires a warm, interactive adult
Scientists study love and attachment
Box 5.3: Psychology in Everyday Life: What Are the Effects of Day Care on Children?
5.2 Summary
5.3 Adolescence: Developing Identity
Adolescence is marked by physical changes that prepare boys and girls for adulthood
Adolescence can be a confusing and troubling time
We must learn to balance pleasing other people and defying them
5.3 Summary
5.4 Adulthood and Beyond
Erikson identified eight stages in the development of our relationships with others
The aging mind slows down but continues to grow
The Cutting Edge: If