Test Bank Neurobiology A Functional Approach 1st Edition by Georg F. Striedter
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Test Bank Neurobiology A Functional Approach 1st Edition by Georg F. Striedter
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Test Bank Neurobiology A Functional Approach 1st Edition by Georg F. Striedter
Focusing on the problems that brains help organisms solve, Neurobiology: A Functional Approach asks not only how the nervous system works but also why it works as it does.
ISBN-10 : 0195396154
ISBN-13 : 978-0195396157
Georg F. Striedter (Author)
Table Of Contents
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Visual Guide to the Book
About the Author
CHAPTER 1: Nervous System Organization
1.1 How Do Neuroscientists Study the Brain?
The Value of Why Questions
1.2 What Are the Basic Components of the Nervous System?
Neuroanatomical Nomenclature
Box 1.1 Neuroanatomical Techniques
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
Neurons and Glial Cells
1.3 What Kinds of Circuits Do Neurons Form?
Principles of Neural Circuit Organization
Box 1.2 Physiological Techniques
1.4 What Is the Brain’s Functional Architecture?
Early Ideas on Brain Organization
Box 1.3 Opto-and Chemogenetic Techniques
Modern Views of Brain Organization
1.5 How Can Scientists “Reverse Engineer” the Brain?
Functional Decomposition Strategies
Neuropsychology
Neuroethology
1.6 How Do Brains Evolve?
Descent with Conservation and Modification
Which Species to Study?
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
CHAPTER 2: Computing with Neurons
2.1 What Are Neurons?
History of the Neuron Doctrine
Basic Features of a Stereotypical Neuron
2.2 What Mechanisms Generate Resting and Action Potentials?
Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
Box 2.1 Neuronal Membrane Math
Ionic Basis of the Action Potential
Box 2.2 Patch Clamp Recording
Box 2.3 Molecular Biology of Voltage-gated Ion Channels
2.3 How Do Action Potentials Travel along Axons?
A Traveling Wave of Membrane Depolarization
The Effects of Myelination
2.4 How Do Neurons Transmit and Integrate Information?
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Integration
2.5 How Do Neurons Differ from One Another?
Anatomical Variety
Neurotransmitter Variety
Box 2.4 Nature’s Neurotoxins
Box 2.5 Mood Molecules
Receptor Variety
Ion Channel Variety
2.6 Neuronal Information Processing
How Neurons Encode Information
Brains versus Computers
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 3: Neuronal Plasticity
3.1 How Are Synapses Strengthened in the Marine Snail Aplysia?
Sensitization in Aplysia
Box 3.1 The Impact of Invertebrates on Neurobiology
Making Sensitization Last for Days
3.2 How Are Synapses Strengthened in Mammals?
Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation
Box 3.2 Hippocampal Structure and Functions
Hebbian Long-term Potentiation
Mechanisms of LTP Induction
Mechanisms of LTP Stabilization
3.3 When Are Synapses Weakened?
Cerebellar Long-term Depression
Spike Timing-dependent Plasticity
3.4 Can Inactive Neurons Strengthen Their Inputs?
3.5 Can Experiences Rewire the Brain?
Turnover of Dendritic Spines
Sprouting of Axonal Connections
Sensory Cortex Plasticity
Motor Cortex Plasticity
Box 3.3 Brain–Machine Interfaces
3.6 How Does Experience Affect Brain and Cortex Size?
3.7 Does Neural Plasticity Cause Learning and Memory?
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 4: Developing a Nervous System
4.1 Where in the Embryo Does the Nervous System Originate?
Induction of the Nervous System
Box 4.1 In Situ Hybridization
Forming the Neural Tube
4.2 How Does the Neural Tube Get Subdivided?
Rostrocaudal Patterning
Box 4.2 Hox Genes in Evolution
Dorsoventral Patterning
Midbrain and Forebrain Patterning
4.3 Where Do Neurons Come From?
Neurogenesis
Radial Neuronal Migration
Neurogenesis Timing and Cell Fate
4.4 How Do Axons Find Their Targets?
Axonal Growth Cones
Growth Cone Guidance
The Retinotectal System
4.5 How Do Synapses Form?
Filopodial Interactions
Synapse Formation
4.6 How Can a Neural Circuit Be Fine-Tuned?
Developmental Neuron Death
Pruning and Sprouting Neuronal Connections
4.7 What Are the Major Themes of Neural Development?
Sensitive Periods
Molecular Redeployment
Box 4.3 Drugs and a Baby’s Brain
Some Regions Develop Faster Than Others
Developmental Self-organization
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 5: Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System
5.1 Are New Neurons Added to Adult Brains?
Neuronal Birth-dating Experiments
5.2 How Is the Brain Protected from Physical Trauma?
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Pressure Kills Neurons
5.3 How Does the Brain Protect Itself against Toxins and Pathogens?
The Blood–brain Barrier
Box 5.1 Delivering Drugs to the Brain
The Blood-CSF and Arachnoid Barriers
5.4 How Does the Nervous System Respond to an Attack?
The Brain’s Immune Response
Minimizing Neuron Death
Box 5.2 Immune Responses in Alzheimer’s Disease
Functional Recovery through Brain Rewiring
5.5 How Do Neurons Get Their Energy?
Sources of Metabolic Energy
Cerebral Blood Flow
Linking Blood Flow to Neuronal Activity
Box 5.3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.6 What Links Body and Brain?
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 6: Sensors I: Remote Sensing
6.1 How Do We Sense Darkness and Light?
Special Regions of the Retina
Rod Photoreceptors
Cone Photoreceptors
Pathways through the Retina
The Puzzle of the Inverted Vertebrate Retina
6.2 How Do We Sense Odors?
Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory Receptor Molecules
Box 6.1 Anosmias: Does Your World Smell the Same as Mine?
The Olfactory Bulb
6.3 How Do We Hear Sounds?
Outer and Middle Ears
The Cochlea
Encoding Sound Parameters
Box 6.2 Cochlear Implants
6.4 Are There Some Principles of Sensor Organization?
Variability in Sensor Range
Variability in Sensor Sensitivity
Box 6.3 Electroreception and Other Alien Senses
Labeled Lines
Sensory Maps
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 7: Sensors II: Sensing on Contact
7.1 How Do We Sense Touch and Vibration?
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
Central Projections of Mechanosensory Axons
7.2 How Do We Sense Pain?
Axons That Transmit Pain
Box 7.1 Shingles and Dermatomes
Pain Modulation
Box 7.2 Neurogenic Inflammation
7.3 How Do We Sense Temperature?
Temperature-sensitive TRP Channels
Food-activated TRP Channels
7.4 How Do We Taste Foods and Other Chemicals?
Taste Cells
Taste Receptor Molecules
Central Taste Pathways
Variations in Tasting Ability
Box 7.3 Cannabinoid Effects on Food Intake
7.5 How Can We Sense Our Body’s Physiological Condition?
Sensing Tissue Acidity
Box 7.4 Feeling Less Pain in High CO₂
Sensing Blood Chemistry
7.6 How Do We Sense Body Position and Movement?
Proprioception
Vestibular Sensors
7.7 What Are Some Common Themes of Contact Sensor Organization?
Variability in Sensor Range and Sensitivity
Labeled Lines and Sensory Maps
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 8: Using Muscles and Glands
8.1 How Do Neurons Control Skeletal Muscles?
The Contractile Machinery
Excitation-contraction Coupling
Controlling Muscle Force
Muscle Spindles
8.2 What Makes the Heart Beat?
Generation of the Cardiac Rhythm
Modulation of the Cardiac Rhythm
8.3 What Is Special about Smooth Muscle?
Smooth Muscle Anatomy
Smooth Muscle Physiology
Smooth Muscle Innervation
8.4 How Do Muscles Lengthen after Contractions?
Muscles Must Be Antagonized
Box 8.1 Outer Hair Cell Motility
8.5 How Do Neurons Control Hormones, and Vice Versa?
Exocrine Glands
The Posterior Pituitary
The Anterior Pituitary
Box 8.2 Endocrine Disruptors
Hippocampal Regulation of Stress Hormones
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READINGS
Chapter 9: Regulating Vital Bodily Functions
9.1 How Do We Maintain Physiological Stability?
9.2 What Parts of the Nervous System Control the Vital Bodily Functions?
The Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory Components of the Autonomic Nervous System
The Enteric Nervous System
9.3 How Do Neural Circuits Regulate the Vital Bodily Functions?
Adjusting Heart Rate
Box 9.1 Fainting Spells and Vagal Nerve Stimulation
Regulating Blood Pressure
Controlling Breathing
Regulating Body Temperature
9.4 How Do Neurons Control Fluid and Energy Balance?
Balancing the Bodily Fluids
Regulating