Test Bank Cognition 10th Edition by Thomas A. Farmer Margaret W. Matlin
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Test Bank Cognition 10th Edition by Thomas A. Farmer Margaret W. Matlin
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Product Description
Test Bank Cognition 10th Edition by Thomas A. Farmer Margaret W. Matlin
The study of human cognitive processes provides insight into why we act or react and can help us predict future behaviors
ISBN: 978-1-119-49171-2
Margaret W. Matlin, Thomas A. Farmer
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1
Chapter Introduction 1
What Is Cognitive Psychology? 2
Historical Perspective on the Field 4
Origins of Cognitive Psychology 4
Wilhelm Wundt 4
Early Memory Researchers 5
William James 5
Behaviorism 5
The Gestalt Approach 6
Frederic Bartlett 7
Cognitive Revolution 7
Cognitive Psychology in Present Times 8
Mind Brain and Behavior 9
Cognitive Science 9
Artificial Intelligence 9
Computer Metaphor of the Mind 10
The Connectionist Approach 11
Cognitive Neuroscience 12
Brain Lesions 13
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan) 13
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 14
Event-Related Potential Technique 14
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 15
Textbook Overview 15
Chapter Preview 16
Themes in the Book 17
Theme 1: Cognitive processes are active rather than passive 17
Theme 2: Cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate 17
Theme 3: Cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information 18
Theme 4: Cognitive processes are interrelated with one another; they do not operate in isolation 18
Theme 5: Many cognitive processes rely on both bottom-up and top-down processing 18
How to Use Your Book Effectively 18
Chapter Outline 18
Chapter Introductions 18
Demonstrations 19
Individual Differences Focus 19
Application 20
Section Summaries 20
End of Chapter Review Questions 20
Keywords 20
Keywords List & Glossary 20
Recommended Readings 20
Section Summary Points 21
Chapter Review Questions 21
Keywords 22
Recommended Readings 22
Answer to Demonstration 1.4 22
2 Visual and Auditory Recognition 23
Chapter Introduction 23
Overview of Visual Object Recognition 24
The Visual System 24
Organization in Visual Perception 26
Theories of Visual Object Recognition 27
Feature-Analysis Theory 27
The Recognition-by-Components Theory 29
Top-Down Processing and Visual Object Recognition 30
Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processing 31
Top-Down Processing and Reading 32
“Smart Mistakes” in Object Recognition 33
Change Blindness 33
Inattentional Blindness 35
Specialized Visual Recognition Processes 36
Neuroscience Research on Face Recognition 36
Applied Research on Face Recognition 37
Speech Perception 39
Characteristics of Speech Perception 40
Word Boundaries 40
Variability in Phoneme Pronunciation 40
Context and Speech Perception 41
Visual Cues as an Aid to Speech Perception 41
Theories of Speech Perception 42
The Special Mechanism Approach 42
The General Mechanism Approaches 43
Section Summary Points 43
Chapter Review Questions 44
Keywords 45
Recommended Readings 45
3 Attention and Consciousness 46
Chapter Introduction 46
Overview of Attention 47
Divided Attention 47
Selective Attention 48
Dichotic Listening 48
The Stroop Effect 49
Visual Search 51
Eye Movements in Reading 53
Overview of Eye Movements in Reading 53
Selective Attention in Reading 54
Neuroscience of Attention 55
The Orienting Attention Network 56
The Executive Attention Network 56
Theories of Attention 57
Early Theories of Attention 57
Feature-Integration Theory 57
Consciousness 59
Thought Suppression 61
Blindsight 61
Section Summary Points 62
Chapter Review Questions 63
Keywords 64
Recommended Readings 64
4 Working Memory 65
Chapter Introduction 65
Classical Research on Short-Term Memory 66
Short-Term Memory Capacity Limits 67
The Brown/Peterson & Peterson Technique 67
Serial Position Effect 68
Semantic Similarity of the Items in Short-Term Memory 69
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Model of Information Processing 70
The Turn to Working Memory 71
Evidence for Components with Independent Capacities 73
Phonological Loop 74
Neuroscience Research on the Phonological Loop 75
Visuospatial Sketchpad 76
Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad 76
Neuroscience Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad 77
Central Executive 77
Characteristics of the Central Executive 77
The Central Executive and Daydreaming 78
Neuroscience Research on the Central Executive 78
Recent Views of the Central Executive 78
Episodic Buffer 79
Applications of Working Memory 80
Working Memory and Academic Performance 80
Working Memory Abilities in Clinical Populations 80
Working Memory and Major Depression 80
Working Memory and ADHD 81
Working memory and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 82
Summary 82
Section Summary Points 82
Chapter Review Questions 83
Keywords 84
Recommended Readings 84
5 Long-Term Memory 85
Chapter Introduction 85
Overview of Long-Term Memory 86
Encoding in Long-Term Memory 87
Levels of Processing 87
Levels of Processing and Memory for General Material 88
Levels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effect 88
Encoding-Specificity Principle 90
Research on Encoding Specificity 90
Levels of Processing and Encoding Specificity 91
Retrieval in Long-Term Memory 92
Explicit Versus Implicit Memory Tasks 92
Anxiety Disorders and Explicit and Implicit Memory Tasks 93
Individuals with Amnesia 94
Autobiographical Memory 95
Schemas and Autobiographical Memory 96
Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring 96
Flashbulb Memories 97
Eyewitness Testimony 99
Example of Inappropriate Eyewitness Testimony 99
The Post-Event Misinformation Effect 99
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony 101
The Relationship Between Memory Confidence and Memory Accuracy 101
Special Topics in Long-Term Memory 102
Expertise 102
The Context-Specific Nature of Expertise 102
How Do Experts and Novices Differ? 102
Own-Ethnicity Bias 103
Emotions and Memory 104
The Recovered-Memory/False-Memory Controversy 107
The Two Contrasting Positions in the Controversy 107
The Potential for Memory Errors 108
Arguments for False Memory 108
Arguments for Recovered Memory 109
Both Perspectives Are At Least Partially Correct 109
Section Summary Points 109
Chapter Review Questions 110
Keywords 111
Recommended Readings 111
6 Memory Strategies and Metacognition 112
Chapter Introduction 112
Memory Strategies I: Memory Strategies Informed by Memory Concepts 113
Divided Attention 113
Working Memory 113
Levels of Processing 114
Elaboration 114
Distinctiveness 114
Encoding Specificity 115
Memory Strategies II: Practice and Mnemonics 116
Memory Strategies Emphasizing Practice 116
Distributed Practice Effect 116
Testing Effect 116
Test Anxiety 117
Mnemonics Using Imagery and Organization 118
Imagery 118x
Organization 119
Prospective Memory 121
Comparing Prospective and Retrospective Memory 121
Absentmindedness and Prospective Memory Failures 122
Suggestions for Improving Prospective Memory 122
Metamemory 123
Accuracy of Metamemory 124
Metamemory: Estimating the Accuracy for Total Score Versus the Accuracy for Individual Items 124
Metamemory: Estimating the Score Immediately Versus After a Delay 125
Metamemory About Factors Affecting Memory Accuracy 126
Metamemory and the Regulation of Study Strategies 126
Allocating Time When the Task Is Easy 126
Allocating Time When the Task Is Difficult 127
Conclusions About the Regulation of Study Strategies 127
Tip-of-the-Tongue and Feeling-of-Knowing Effects 127
Tip-of-the-Tongue Effect 127
Feeling of Knowing 129
Metacomprehension 129
Metacomprehension Accuracy 129
Improving Metacomprehension 130
Section Summary Points 131
Chapter Review Questions 132
Keywords 132
Recommended Readings 133
Answer to Demonstration 6.4 133
7 Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps 134
Chapter Introduction 134
Classical Researc